PART 5

17 EVIDENCES AGAINST EVOLUTION

8. FOSSIL AND FOSSIL FUEL FORMATION

Evolutionists like to tell us that at least thousands of

years are needed to form the fossils and fuels (such as coal and

oil) that we find today. However, objects must be buried rapidly

in order to fossilize. This, bearing also in mind the billions of

fossils and fossil fuels buried around the world, seems to indi-

cate a worldwide catastrophe. None other than, you guessed it,

Noah's flood.

Ken Ham, director of the Australia-based Creation Science

Foundation, presents some interesting facts in seminars which he

gives. Oil can now be made in a few minutes in a laboratory.

Black coal can also be formed at an astonishing rate. Ham also

has in his overlay presentation a photograph of a fossilized

miner's hat, about fifty years old. All that is necessary for

fossilization is quick burial and the right conditions, not thou-

sands of years.

9. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIA

Seeing the problem of gradual evolution with the fossil re-

cord, and the obvious abrupt appearances of species, Drs. Stephen

Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge have formed the theory of punctuated

equilibria. Punctuated equilibria, is, by example, a bird giving

birth to a mammal, thus leaving no transitional fossils in the

geological record.

Many top evolutionists disagree with this position. And punc-

tuated equilibria has its problems, too. For instance, in the

above case, of a bird bearing a mammal, another mammal of the

same kind of the opposite sex must be born at the same approxi-

mate time in the same area in order for the new species to con-

tinue. The odds of just one organism appearing this way, let

alone two fulfilling the circumstances above, are astronomical.

10. HOMOLOGY/MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Homology is the similarity of structures between different

types of organisms. Some have argued that these similarities are

evidence of one common ancestor. However, as Sunderland points

out, when the concentration of red blood cells is used, utiliz-

ing the ideas of homology, man is more closely related to frogs,

fish, and birds than to sheep.

But now, with the development of molecular biology we are

able to make a comparison of the same cells in different species,

which adds a whole new dimension to homology. Unfortunately, for

the evolutionists, molecular biology does as all other evidences

do: presents greater argument against evolution theory.

In molecular biology, proteins of the same type in different

organisms can be tested for difference in amino acid makeup. The

figure resulting is converted into a percentage. The lower the

percentage, the less difference there is between the proteins.

Dr. Michael Denton, in experiments with Cytochrome C, a protein

that converts food into energy, and hemoglobin, found the follow-

ing.

Cytochrome C Differences Cytochrome C Differences

Bacterium to Six Organisms Silkmoth to Vertebrates

to yeast . . . . . . . 69% to lamprey . . . . .27%

to wheat . . . . . . . 66% to carp. . . . . . .25%

to silkmoth. . . . . . 65% to pigeon. . . . . .26%

to tuna. . . . . . . . 65% to turtle. . . . . .25%

to pigeon. . . . . . . 64% to horse . . . . . .30%

to horse . . . . . . . 64%

Cytochrome C Differences Hemoglobin Differences

Carp to Terrestrial Vertebrates Lamprey to Other Vertebrates

to bullfrog. . . . . . 13% to human . . . . . .73%

to turtle. . . . . . . 13% to kangaroo. . . . .76%

to chicken . . . . . . 14% to chicken . . . . .78%

to rabbit. . . . . . . 13% to frog. . . . . . .76%

to horse . . . . . . . 13% to carp. . . . . . .75%

Dr. Denton states, "There is not a trace at a molecular level

of the traditional evolutionary series: fish to amphibian to

reptile to mammal. Incredibly man is closer to lamprey than are

fish." The evidence is clear; evolution is struck another hard

blow!