No. 129 C.S. PEIRCE'S

"NEGLECTED ARGUMENT"

By John W. Oiler, Jr., Ph.D.

In 1908, Charles Sanders Peirce, the recognized father of America's only

distinctive philosophy, namely pragmatism, and the mentor of William

James and John Dewey, published an argument entitled "A Neglected

Argument for the Reality of God."

In it he insisted, "The endless variety in the world has not been

created by law. It is not of the nature of uniformity to originate

variation, nor of law to beget circumstance.

When we gaze upon the multifariousness of nature we

are looking straight into the face of living spontaneity."'

Lest there could be any doubt that he was speaking of God, in another

place he wrote, "The variety of the universe ... which we see whenever

and wherever we open our eyes, constitutes its liveliness, its vivacity.

The perception of it is a direct, though darkling perception of God."2

Yet it was not merely in the variety of experience that Peirce saw God,

but more specifically in man's capacity to understand that variety. Of this

capacity, Einstein wrote (apparently quoting the eminent 18th century

philosopher Immanuel Kant), "the eternal mystery of the world is its

comprehensibility."3 Peirce, too, was overwhelmed by the fact that such

a vast diversity should be meaningful to the human mind. His "Neglected

Argument for the Reality of God" is summed up in his statement that:

". . there is a reason, an interpretation, a logic in the course of scien-

tific advance, and this indisputably proves to him who has perceptions

of rational or significant relations, that man's mind must have been

attuned to the truth of things in order to discover what he has dis-

covered. It is the very bedrock of logical truth."4

Or, more succinctly, Peirce says in another place,

". . unless man has a natural bent in accordance with nature's, he has

no chance of understanding nature at all. . ."5

Peirce saw man's capacity for scientific advances as unimpeachable

evidence of the existence of God:

". . the discoveries of science, their enabling us to predict what will

be the course of nature, is proof conclusive that though we cannot

think any thought of God's, we can catch a fragment of his Thought,

as it were."6

In his voluminous writings, mostly not well known until long after his

death in 1914, Peirce distinguished three universes: a primary universe of

sensations or raw experience; a secondary universe of reactions to

sensory data; and a tertiary universe of representations or signs used to

relate the primary and secondary universes. Further, Peirce linked his

"Neglected Argument" explicitly with the problem of the origin of these

"universes." He argued that

". . a latent tendency toward belief in God is a fundamental ingredient

of the soul, and that, far from being a vicious or superstitious ingre-

dient, it is simply a natural precipitate of meditation upon the origin

of the Three Universes."7

Nonetheless, in all of this he repeatedly recognized the continuity and

unity of "the universe" in the common sense of the term. He wrote, for

instance, a whole section on "The Logic of the Universe," as part of a

larger paper on "The Logic of Continuity."8

Peirce's contention was that there is order in the universe and that

this systematicity (or organization) is comprehensible in some degree to

mankind. However, the order that is observed is manifested in such

marvelous and diverse ways that to understand it requires advance in-

sight, correct instinct, or what Galileo called "illumination naturale,"

so that man's hypotheses about the universe, or Peirce's three universes,

would not be formulated aimlessly, but would rather be informed from the

beginning by the Creator's tuning.

Of course, being a logician, a mathematician par excellence, and a

philosopher of logic who towered above most of his contemporaries,

Peirce had no illusions about having achieved perfect knowledge of any

ultimate truth. In fact, he insisted that such perfect knowledge is logical-

ly impossible for finite man. On the other hand, he argued with equal

force that it is silly and pretentious to argue as David Hume (1711-76) did

that knowledge of reality is unattainable. Peirce poked fun at his erst-

while fellow Scotsman for his feigned dissatisfaction with the apparent

veracity of our comprehension of sense perceptions-what Peirce called

simply "observations of fact."9 Peirce wrote,

". . what Hume's argument would lead him to is that reasoning is

'illegitimate' because its premises are perfectly satisfactory. He candidly

confesses that they are satisfactory to himself. But he seems to be

dissatisfied with himself for being satisfied. It is easy to see, however,

that he pats himself on the back and is very well satisfied with himself

for being so dissatisfied with being satisfied."10

Peirce concludes that if Hume's skepticism is taken seriously, then it

has dire consequences for the whole edifice of reason.

". . a careful reader will see that if he proves anything at all by all his

reasoning, it is that reasoning, as such, is ipso facto and essentially

illogical, 'illegitimate', and unreasonable."ll

Did Peirce go too far in insisting that "all our knowledge may be said to

rest upon observed facts"? He goes on to say that". . it is true that there

are psychological states which antecede our observing facts as such.

Thus, it is a fact that I see an inkstand before me; but before I can

say that I am obliged to have impressions of sense into which no idea

of an inkstand, or of any separate object or of an or of seeing, enter

at all; and it is true that my judging that I see an inkstand before me

is the product of mental operations upon these impressions of sense.

But it is only when the cognition has become worked up into a proposition,

or judgment of a fact, that I can exercise any direct control over the

process; and it is idle to discuss the 'legitimacy' of that which cannot

be controlled. Observations of fact have, therefore, to be accepted as

they occur."12

His point, I believe, is that attempts to justify philosophically our "obser-

vations of fact" are largely pointless and superfluous. To engage in such

activities we have to pretend that we are doubtful and hesitant about

things concerning which, in fact, we can have Tio reasonable doubt at all.

Peirce's argument, therefore, effectively rules out the possibility of draw-

ing the world of experience into question as so many philosophers have

attempted to do. It abolishes the very possibility of that kind of agnosti-

cism which pretends to know nothing at all for certain while it asserts

that it knows everything about what can be known-namely nothing. It is

the same point that was later used by John Dewey in his famous argu-

ment against Bertrand Russell's attempt to make a problem out of our

"construction" of the real world from the imperfect data of sense. As

Dewey contended, there is no logic in pretending to doubt the existence

of the real world while one is visibly and inevitably standing in it.13

Russell's argument, and similar ones by other skeptics, began with the

postulation of the multitude of viewpoints from which any given object of

experience can be viewed. Dewey pointed out that this initial move im-

mediately presupposes what Russell was at pains to draw into question

-namely the existence of the real world and of distinct and real viewers

within it. If there are to be different viewpoints, as Russell's argument re-

quires, how will the differences be recognized except within the world

whose existence Russell wants to draw into question?

The problem for modern science, for philosophy, and even for the

common man, is not to explain the difficulties that we sometimes have

in making sense of the data of experience, the problem is to explain the

fact that we often succeed in understanding even very complex facts of

experience. Failures to comprehend are easy to handle. The light was

dim so he thought he saw a bear when in fact it was a tree stump. She

was very tired. He had drunk too much wine. The pain in his leg was

unbearable. The drugs caused him to hallucinate. And so on ad infinitum.

Breakdowns in our comprehension do not present any special epistemo-

logical difficulties nor do they constitute grave philosophical problems

as some pretenders like Hume, and his many followers would like for us

to believe. The real difficulty is to explain the miracle that the world of

experience is largely comprehensible, and further that through the

efforts of science and its associated tools of logical thought, the ordinary

comprehensions of mankind can be indefinitely improved.

The serious difficulty for modern thinkers who have rejected God is

the fact stated by Israel's King David in the 19th Psalm:

The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his

handiwork. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night

sheweth knowledge. There is no speech nor language where their

voice is not heard. Their line is gone out through all the earth and

their words to the end of the world ... (KJV, Psalm 19:1-4a).

The same argument was reiterated by Paul in Romans:

For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are

clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his

eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse

(KJV, Romans 1:20) More recently, it has been restated by C.S.

Peirce, one of the greatest thinkers of modern times.

Early in his acquaintance with Darwin's writings, Peirce rejected the

Darwinian notion of "random mutation" as a source of the numerous

species on the earth. Later, it seems that he capitulated, however, and

under the pressure of an emerging generation of evolutionists accepted

a form of Darwinian evolution. Still his "Neglected Argument" stands as

a challenge to any living philosopher or scientist who would like to do

away with the need for God. What must be explained is the miraculous

comprehensibility of the world of experience.

Beyond that, as long as evangelicals survive, the worldly philosophers

will also have to deal with the Gospel and all of the historical facts which

it embraces. My only regret concerning Peirce's writings is that he seems to

have underrated the historical Messiah and to have overestimated the

importance of man's reason. Nevertheless, skeptics of all persuasions would

do well to return occasionally to Peirce's "Neglected Argument."

REFERENCES

1. In Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss, eds. Collected Papers of

Charles Sonders Peirce: Volumes V and Vi, (Cambridge, Massachusetts:

Harvard University, 1965), p. 372 of Vol. 6.

2. Ibid., p. 430 of Vol. 6.

3. Albert Einstein, Out of My Later Years, (Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel.

1950, rev. ed. 1956), p. 61.

4. 0p Cit., p. 325 of Vol. 6.

5. Ibid., p. 326 of Vol. 6

6. Ibid., p. 346 of Vol. 6.

7. Ibid., p. 333 of Vol. 6.

8. Ibid., pp. 132-146 of Vol. 6.

9. Ibid., p. 356 of Vol. 6.

10. Ibid., p. 344 of Vol. 6.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., pp. 356-357 of Vol. 6.

13. John Dewey, Essays in Experimental Logic, (New York: Dover, 1916).