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Question: 21 [<< | >>]
After considering the divine love, we must treat of God's justice and
mercy. Under this head there are four points of inquiry:
(1) Whether there is justice in God?
(2) Whether His justice can be called truth?
(3) Whether there is mercy in God?
(4) Whether in every work of God there are justice and mercy?
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Question: 21 [<< | >>]
Article: 1 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that there is not justice in God. For justice is divided
against temperance. But temperance does not exist in God: neither
therefore does justice.
Objection 2: Further, he who does whatsoever he wills and pleases does not
work according to justice. But, as the Apostle says: "God worketh all
things according to the counsel of His will" (@Eph. 1:11). Therefore
justice cannot be attributed to Him.
Objection 3: Further, the act of justice is to pay what is due. But God is no
man's debtor. Therefore justice does not belong to God.
Objection 4: Further, whatever is in God, is His essence. But justice cannot
belong to this. For Boethius says (De Hebdom.): "Good regards the
essence; justice the act." Therefore justice does not belong to God.
On the contrary, It is said (@Ps. 10:8): "The Lord is just, and hath
loved justice."
I answer that, There are two kinds of justice. The one consists in
mutual giving and receiving, as in buying and selling, and other kinds of
intercourse and exchange. This the Philosopher (Ethic. v, 4) calls
commutative justice, that directs exchange and intercourse of business.
This does not belong to God, since, as the Apostle says: "Who hath first
given to Him, and recompense shall be made him?" (@Rm. 11:35). The other
consists in distribution, and is called distributive justice; whereby a
ruler or a steward gives to each what his rank deserves. As then the
proper order displayed in ruling a family or any kind of multitude
evinces justice of this kind in the ruler, so the order of the universe,
which is seen both in effects of nature and in effects of will, shows
forth the justice of God. Hence Dionysius says (Div. Nom. viii, 4): "We
must needs see that God is truly just, in seeing how He gives to all
existing things what is proper to the condition of each; and preserves
the nature of each in the order and with the powers that properly belong
to it."
Reply to Objection 1: Certain of the moral virtues are concerned with the
passions, as temperance with concupiscence, fortitude with fear and
daring, meekness with anger. Such virtues as these can only
metaphorically be attributed to God; since, as stated above (Question [20], Article [1]), in God there are no passions; nor a sensitive appetite, which is, as
the Philosopher says (Ethic. iii, 10), the subject of those virtues. On
the other hand, certain moral virtues are concerned with works of giving
and expending; such as justice, liberality, and magnificence; and these
reside not in the sensitive faculty, but in the will. Hence, there is
nothing to prevent our attributing these virtues to God; although not in
civil matters, but in such acts as are not unbecoming to Him. For, as the
Philosopher says (Ethic. x, 8), it would be absurd to praise God for His
political virtues.
Reply to Objection 2: Since good as perceived by intellect is the object of the
will, it is impossible for God to will anything but what His wisdom
approves. This is, as it were, His law of justice, in accordance with
which His will is right and just. Hence, what He does according to His
will He does justly: as we do justly what we do according to law. But
whereas law comes to us from some higher power, God is a law unto Himself.
Reply to Objection 3: To each one is due what is his own. Now that which is
directed to a man is said to be his own. Thus the master owns the
servant, and not conversely, for that is free which is its own cause. In
the word debt, therefore, is implied a certain exigence or necessity of
the thing to which it is directed. Now a twofold order has to be
considered in things: the one, whereby one created thing is directed to
another, as the parts of the whole, accident to substance, and all things
whatsoever to their end; the other, whereby all created things are
ordered to God. Thus in the divine operations debt may be regarded in two
ways, as due either to God, or to creatures, and in either way God pays
what is due. It is due to God that there should be fulfilled in creatures
what His will and wisdom require, and what manifests His goodness. In
this respect, God's justice regards what befits Him; inasmuch as He
renders to Himself what is due to Himself. It is also due to a created
thing that it should possess what is ordered to it; thus it is due to man
to have hands, and that other animals should serve him. Thus also God
exercises justice, when He gives to each thing what is due to it by its
nature and condition. This debt however is derived from the former; since
what is due to each thing is due to it as ordered to it according to the
divine wisdom. And although God in this way pays each thing its due, yet
He Himself is not the debtor, since He is not directed to other things,
but rather other things to Him. Justice, therefore, in God is sometimes
spoken of as the fitting accompaniment of His goodness; sometimes as the
reward of merit. Anselm touches on either view where he says (Prosolog.
10): "When Thou dost punish the wicked, it is just, since it agrees with
their deserts; and when Thou dost spare the wicked, it is also just;
since it befits Thy goodness."
Reply to Objection 4: Although justice regards act, this does not prevent its being the essence of God; since even that which is of the essence of a thing may be the principle of action. But good does not always regard act; since a thing is called good not merely with respect to act, but also as regards perfection in its essence. For this reason it is said (De Hebdom.) that the good is related to the just, as the general to the special.
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Question: 21 [<< | >>]
Article: 2 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that the justice of God is not truth. For justice
resides in the will; since, as Anselm says (Dial. Verit. 13), it is a
rectitude of the will, whereas truth resides in the intellect, as the
Philosopher says (Metaph. vi; Ethic. vi, 2,6). Therefore justice does not
appertain to truth.
Objection 2: Further, according to the Philosopher (Ethic. iv, 7), truth is a
virtue distinct from justice. Truth therefore does not appertain to the
idea of justice.
On the contrary, it is said (@Ps. 84:11): "Mercy and truth have met each
other": where truth stands for justice.
I answer that, Truth consists in the equation of mind and thing, as said
above (Question [16], Article [1]). Now the mind, that is the cause of the thing, is
related to it as its rule and measure; whereas the converse is the case
with the mind that receives its knowledge from things. When therefore
things are the measure and rule of the mind, truth consists in the
equation of the mind to the thing, as happens in ourselves. For according
as a thing is, or is not, our thoughts or our words about it are true or
false. But when the mind is the rule or measure of things, truth consists
in the equation of the thing to the mind; just as the work of an artist
is said to be true, when it is in accordance with his art.
Now as works of art are related to art, so are works of justice related
to the law with which they accord. Therefore God's justice, which
establishes things in the order conformable to the rule of His wisdom,
which is the law of His justice, is suitably called truth. Thus we also
in human affairs speak of the truth of justice.
Reply to Objection 1: Justice, as to the law that governs, resides in the reason
or intellect; but as to the command whereby our actions are governed
according to the law, it resides in the will.
Reply to Objection 2: The truth of which the Philosopher is speaking in this
passage, is that virtue whereby a man shows himself in word and deed such
as he really is. Thus it consists in the conformity of the sign with the
thing signified; and not in that of the effect with its cause and rule:
as has been said regarding the truth of justice.
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Question: 21 [<< | >>]
Article: 3 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that mercy cannot be attributed to God. For mercy is a
kind of sorrow, as Damascene says (De Fide Orth. ii, 14). But there is no
sorrow in God; and therefore there is no mercy in Him.
Objection 2: Further, mercy is a relaxation of justice. But God cannot remit
what appertains to His justice. For it is said (@2 Tim. 2:13): "If we
believe not, He continueth faithful: He cannot deny Himself." But He
would deny Himself, as a gloss says, if He should deny His words.
Therefore mercy is not becoming to God.
On the contrary, it is said (@Ps. 110:4): "He is a merciful and gracious
Lord."
I answer that, Mercy is especially to be attributed to God, as seen in
its effect, but not as an affection of passion. In proof of which it must
be considered that a person is said to be merciful [misericors], as
being, so to speak, sorrowful at heart [miserum cor]; being affected with
sorrow at the misery of another as though it were his own. Hence it
follows that he endeavors to dispel the misery of this other, as if it
were his; and this is the effect of mercy. To sorrow, therefore, over the
misery of others belongs not to God; but it does most properly belong to
Him to dispel that misery, whatever be the defect we call by that name.
Now defects are not removed, except by the perfection of some kind of
goodness; and the primary source of goodness is God, as shown above (Question [6], Article [4]). It must, however, be considered that to bestow perfections
appertains not only to the divine goodness, but also to His justice,
liberality, and mercy; yet under different aspects. The communicating of
perfections, absolutely considered, appertains to goodness, as shown
above (Question [6], Articles [1],4); in so far as perfections are given to things in
proportion, the bestowal of them belongs to justice, as has been already
said (Article [1]); in so far as God does not bestow them for His own use, but
only on account of His goodness, it belongs to liberality; in so far as
perfections given to things by God expel defects, it belongs to mercy.
Reply to Objection 1: This argument is based on mercy, regarded as an affection
of passion.
Reply to Objection 2: God acts mercifully, not indeed by going against His
justice, but by doing something more than justice; thus a man who pays
another two hundred pieces of money, though owing him only one hundred,
does nothing against justice, but acts liberally or mercifully. The case
is the same with one who pardons an offence committed against him, for in
remitting it he may be said to bestow a gift. Hence the Apostle calls
remission a forgiving: "Forgive one another, as Christ has forgiven you"
(@Eph. 4:32). Hence it is clear that mercy does not destroy justice, but
in a sense is the fulness thereof. And thus it is said: "Mercy exalteth
itself above judgement" (@James 2:13).
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Question: 21 [<< | >>]
Article: 4 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It seems that not in every work of God are mercy and justice. For some works of God are attributed to mercy, as the justification of the ungodly; and others to justice, as the damnation of the wicked. Hence it is said: "Judgment without mercy to him that hath not done mercy" (@James 2:13). Therefore not in every work of God do mercy and justice appear.
Objection 2: Further, the Apostle attributes the conversion of the Jews to
justice and truth, but that of the Gentiles to mercy (@Rm. 15). Therefore
not in every work of God are justice and mercy.
Objection 3: Further, many just persons are afflicted in this world; which is
unjust. Therefore not in every work of God are justice and mercy.
Objection 4: Further, it is the part of justice to pay what is due, but of
mercy to relieve misery. Thus both justice and mercy presuppose something
in their works: whereas creation presupposes nothing. Therefore in
creation neither mercy nor justice is found.
On the contrary, It is said (@Ps. 24:10): "All the ways of the Lord are
mercy and truth."
I answer that, Mercy and truth are necessarily found in all God's works,
if mercy be taken to mean the removal of any kind of defect. Not every
defect, however, can properly be called a misery; but only defect in a
rational nature whose lot is to be happy; for misery is opposed to
happiness. For this necessity there is a reason, because since a debt
paid according to the divine justice is one due either to God, or to some
creature, neither the one nor the other can be lacking in any work of
God: because God can do nothing that is not in accord with His wisdom and
goodness; and it is in this sense, as we have said, that anything is due
to God. Likewise, whatever is done by Him in created things, is done
according to proper order and proportion wherein consists the idea of
justice. Thus justice must exist in all God's works. Now the work of
divine justice always presupposes the work of mercy; and is founded
thereupon. For nothing is due to creatures, except for something
pre-existing in them, or foreknown. Again, if this is due to a creature,
it must be due on account of something that precedes. And since we cannot
go on to infinity, we must come to something that depends only on the
goodness of the divine will---which is the ultimate end. We may say, for
instance, that to possess hands is due to man on account of his rational
soul; and his rational soul is due to him that he may be man; and his
being man is on account of the divine goodness. So in every work of God,
viewed at its primary source, there appears mercy. In all that follows,
the power of mercy remains, and works indeed with even greater force; as
the influence of the first cause is more intense than that of second
causes. For this reason does God out of abundance of His goodness bestow
upon creatures what is due to them more bountifully than is proportionate
to their deserts: since less would suffice for preserving the order of
justice than what the divine goodness confers; because between creatures
and God's goodness there can be no proportion.
Reply to Objection 1: Certain works are attributed to justice, and certain others
to mercy, because in some justice appears more forcibly and in others
mercy. Even in the damnation of the reprobate mercy is seen, which,
though it does not totally remit, yet somewhat alleviates, in punishing
short of what is deserved.
In the justification of the ungodly, justice is seen, when God remits
sins on account of love, though He Himself has mercifully infused that
love. So we read of Magdalen: "Many sins are forgiven her, because she
hath loved much" (@Lk. 7:47).
Reply to Objection 2: God's justice and mercy appear both in the conversion of
the Jews and of the Gentiles. But an aspect of justice appears in the
conversion of the Jews which is not seen in the conversion of the
Gentiles; inasmuch as the Jews were saved on account of the promises made
to the fathers.
Reply to Objection 3: Justice and mercy appear in the punishment of the just in
this world, since by afflictions lesser faults are cleansed in them, and
they are the more raised up from earthly affections to God. As to this
Gregory says (Moral. xxvi, 9): "The evils that press on us in this world
force us to go to God."
Reply to Objection 4: Although creation presupposes nothing in the universe; yet
it does presuppose something in the knowledge of God. In this way too the
idea of justice is preserved in creation; by the production of beings in
a manner that accords with the divine wisdom and goodness. And the idea
of mercy, also, is preserved in the change of creatures from
non-existence to existence.