This book is the history of the reign of king David. It relates his victories, the growth of the prosperity of Israel, and his reformation of the state of religion. With these events are recorded the grievous sins he committed, and the family as well as public troubles with which he was punished. We here meet with many things worthy of imitation, and many that are written for our warning. The history of king David is given in Scripture with much faithfulness, and from it he appears, to those who fairly balance his many virtues and excellent qualities against his faults, to have been a great and good man.
Tidings brought to David of the death of Saul. (1-10) The Amalekite is put to death. (11-16) David's lamentation for Saul and Jonathan. (17-27)
@Verses 1-10 The blow which opened David's way to the throne was given about the time he had been sorely distressed. Those who commit their concerns to the Lord, will quietly abide his will. It shows that he desired not Saul's death, and he was not impatient to come to the throne.
@Verses 11-16 David was sincere in his mourning for Saul; and all with him humbled themselves under the hand of God, laid so heavily upon Israel by this defeat. The man who brought the tidings, David put to death, as a murderer of his prince. David herein did not do unjustly; the Amalekite confessed the crime. If he did as he said, he deserved to die for treason; and his lying to David, if indeed it were a lie, proved, as sooner or later that sin will prove, lying against himself. Hereby David showed himself zealous for public justice, without regard to his own private interest.
@Verses 17-27
Kasheth, or "the bow," probably was the title of this
mournful, funeral song. David does not commend Saul for what he
was not; and says nothing of his piety or goodness. Jonathan was
a dutiful son, Saul an affectionate father, therefore dear to
each other. David had reason to say, that Jonathan's love to him
was wonderful. Next to the love between Christ and his people,
that affection which springs form it, produces the strongest
friendship. The trouble of the Lord's people, and triumphs of
his enemies, will always grieve true believers, whatever
advantages they may obtain by them.
David made king in Hebron. (1-7) Abner makes Ishbosheth king
Battle between Abner's men and those of Joab. (8-17) Asahel
slain by Abner: 25-32. Both parties retreat. (18-24)
1-7. After the death of Saul, many went to David at Ziklag,
@1 chronicles
to give it in his own time and manner. Yet assurance of hope in
God's promise, will quicken pious endeavours. If I be chosen to
the crown of life, it does not follow, Then I will do nothing;
but, Then I will do all that God directs me. This good use David
made of his election, and so will all whom God has chosen. In
all our journeys and removes, it is comfortable to see God going
before us; and we may do so, if by faith and prayer we set Him
before us. God, according to the promise, directed David's path.
David rose gradually: thus the kingdom of the Messiah, the Son
of David, is set up by degrees; he is Lord of all, but we see
not yet all things put under him.
8-17. The nation in general refused David. By this the Lord
trained up his servant for future honour and usefulness; and the
tendency of true godliness was shown in his behaviour while
passing through various difficulties. David was herein a type of
Christ, whom Israel would not submit to, though anointed of the
Father to be a Prince and a Saviour to them. Abner meant, Let
the young men fight before us, when he said, Let them play
before us: fools thus make a mock at sin. But he is unworthy the
name of a man, that can thus trifle with human blood.
@Verses 18-24
Death often comes by ways we least suspect. We are often
betrayed by the accomplishments we are proud of! Asahel's
swiftness, which he presumed so much upon, did him no service,
but hastened his end.
@Verses 25-32
Abner appeals to Joab concerning the miserable
consequences of a civil war. Those who make light of such
unnatural contests, will find that they are bitterness to all
concerned. How easy it is for men to use reason, when it makes
for them, who would not use it, if it made against them! See how
the issue of things alter men's minds! The same thing which
looked pleasant in the morning, at night looked dismal. Those
who are most forward to enter into contention, will repent
before they have done with it, and had better leave it off
before it be meddled with, as Solomon advises. This is true of
every sin, oh that men would consider it in time, that it will
be bitterness in the latter end! Asahel's funeral is here
mentioned. Distinctions are made between the dust of some and
that of others; but in the resurrection no difference will be
made, but between the godly and ungodly, which will remain for
ever.
David's power increases His family. (1-6) Abner revolts to
David. (7-21) Joab kills Abner David mourns for him. (22-39)
@Verses 1-6
The length of this war tried the faith and patience of
David, and made his settlement at last the more welcome. The
contest between grace and corruption in the hearts of believers,
may fitly be compared to this warfare. There is a long war
between them, the flesh lusting against the spirit, and the
spirit against the flesh; but as the work of holiness is carried
on, corruption, like the house of Saul, grows weaker and weaker;
while grace, like the house of David, grows stronger and
stronger.
@Verses 7-21
Many, like Abner, are not above committing base crimes,
who are too proud to bear reproof, or even the suspicion of
being guilty. While men go on in sin, and apparently without
concern, they are often conscious that they are fighting against
God. Many mean to serve their own purposes; and will betray
those who trust them, when they can get any advantage. Yet the
Lord serves his own designs, even by those who are thus actuated
by revenge, ambition, or lust; but as they intend not to honour
him, in the end they will be thrown aside with contempt. There
was real generosity both to Michal and to the memory of Saul, in
David's receiving the former, remembering probably how once he
owed his life to her affection, and knowing that she was
separated from him partly by her father's authority. Let no man
set his heart on that which he is not entitled to. If any
disagreement has separated husband and wife, as they expect the
blessing of God, let them be reconciled, and live together in
love.
@Verses 22-39
Judgments are prepared for such scorners as Abner; but
Joab, in what he did, acted wickedly. David laid Abner's murder
deeply to heart, and in many ways expressed his detestation of
it. The guilt of blood brings a curse upon families: if men do
not avenge it, God will. It is a sad thing to die like a fool,
as they do that any way shorten their own days, and those who
make no provision for another world. Who would be fond of power,
when a man may have the name of it, and must be accountable for
it, yet is hampered in the use of it? David ought to have done
his duty, and then trusted God with the issue. Carnal policy
spared Joab. The Son of David may long delay, but never fails to
punish impenitent sinners. He who now reigns upon the throne of
David, has a kingdom of a nobler kind. Whatever He doeth, is
noticed by all his willing people, and is pleasing to them.
Ishbosheth murdered. (1-7) David puts to death the murderers.
(8-12)
@Verses 1-7
See how Ishbosheth was murdered! When those difficulties
dispirit us, which should sharpen our endeavours, we betray both
our heavenly crowns and our earthly lives. Love not sleep, lest
thou come to poverty and ruin. The idle soul is an easy prey to
the destroyer. We know not when and where death will meet us.
When we lie down to sleep, we are not sure that we may not sleep
the sleep of death before we awake; nor do we know from what
hand the death-blow may come.
@Verses 8-12
A person may be glad to obtain his just wishes, and yet
really regret the means by which he receives them. He may be
sorry for the death of a person by which he is a gainer. These
men shed innocent blood, from the basest motives. David justly
executed vengeance upon them. He would not be beholden to any to
help him by unlawful practices. God had helped him over many a
difficulty, and through many a danger, therefore he depended
upon him to crown and complete his own work. He speaks of his
redemption from all adversity, as a thing done; though he had
many storms yet before him, he knew that He who had delivered,
would deliver.
David king over all Israel. (1-5) He takes the strong-hold of
Zion. (6-10) David's kingdom established. (11-16) He defeats the
Philistines. (17-25)
@Verses 1-5
David was anointed king a third time. His advances were
gradual, that his faith might be tried, and that he might gain
experience. Thus his kingdom typified that of the Messiah, which
was to come to its height by degrees. Thus Jesus became our
Brother, took upon him our nature, dwelt in it that he might
become our Prince and Saviour: thus the humbled sinner takes
encouragement from the endearing relation, applies for his
salvation, submits to his authority, and craves his protection.
@Verses 6-10
The enemies of God's people are often very confident of
their own strength, and most secure when their day to fall draws
nigh. But the pride and insolence of the Jebusites animated
David, and the Lord God of hosts was with him. Thus in the day
of God's power, Satan's strong-hold, the human heart, is changed
into a habitation of God through the Spirit, and into a throne
on which the Son of David rules, and brings every thought into
obedience to himself. May He thus come, and claim, and cleanse,
each of our hearts; and, destroying every idol, may he reign
there for ever!
@Verses 11-16
David's house was not the worse, nor the less fit to be
dedicated to God, for being built by the sons of the stranger.
It is prophesied of the gospel church, The sons of strangers
shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto
thee,
@isaiah 60:10
. David's government was rooted and built up.
David was established king; so is the Son of David, and all who,
through him, are made to our God kings and priests. Never had
the nation of Israel appeared so great as it began now to be.
Many have the favour and love of God, yet do not perceive it,
and so want the comfort of it; but to be exalted to that, and to
perceive it, is happiness. David owned it was for his people's
sake God had done great things for him; that he might be a
blessing to them, and that they might be happy under him.
@Verses 17-25
The Philistines considered not that David had the
presence of God with him, which Saul had forfeited and lost. The
kingdom of the Messiah, as soon as it was set up in the world,
was thus attacked by the powers of darkness. The heathen raged,
and the kings of the earth set themselves to oppose it; but all
in vain,
@ &c
. The destruction will turn, as this did,
upon Satan's own kingdom. David owns dependence on God for
victory; and refers himself to the good pleasure of God, Wilt
thou do it? The assurance God has given us of victory over our
spiritual enemies, should encourage us in our spiritual
conflicts. David waited till God moved; he stirred then, but not
till then. He was trained up in dependence on God and his
providence. God performed his promise, and David failed not to
improve his advantages. When the kingdom of the Messiah was to
be set up, the apostles, who were to beat down the devil's
kingdom, must not attempt any thing till they received the
promise of the Spirit; who came with a sound from heaven, as of
a rushing, mighty wind,
@acts 2:2
.
The ark removed from Kirjath-jearim. (1-5) Uzzah smitten for
touching the ark, Obed-edom blessed. (6-11) David brings the ark
to Zion. (12-19) Michal's ill conduct. (20-23)
@Verses 1-5
God is present with the souls of his people, when they want
the outward tokens of his presence; but now David is settled in
the throne, the honour of the ark begins to revive. Let us learn
hence, to think and to speak highly of God; and to think and
speak honourably of holy ordinances, which are to us as the ark
was unto Israel, the tokens of God's presence,
@matthew 28:20
.
Christ is our Ark; in and by him God manifests his favour, and
accepts our prayers and praises. The ark especially typified
Christ and his mediation, in which the name of Jehovah and all
his glories are displayed. The priests should have carried the
ark upon their shoulders. Philistines may carry the ark in a
cart without suffering for it; but if Israelites do so, it is at
their peril, because this was not what God appointed.
@Verses 6-11
Uzzah was struck dead for touching the ark. God saw
presumption and irreverence in Uzzah's heart. Familiarity, even
with that which is most awful, is apt to breed contempt. If it
were so great a crime for one to lay hold on the ark of the
covenant who had no right to do so, what is it for those to lay
claim to the privileges of the covenant that come not up to the
terms of it? Obed-edom opened his doors without fear, knowing
the ark was a savour of death unto death to those only who
treated it wrong. The same hand that punished Uzzah's proud
presumption, rewarded Obed-edom's humble boldness. Let none
think the worse of the gospel for the judgments on those that
reject it, but consider the blessings it brings to all who
receive it. Let masters of families be encouraged to keep up
religion in their families. It is good to live in a family that
entertains the ark, for all about it will fare the better.
@Verses 12-19
It became evident, that happy was the man who had the ark
near him. Christ is indeed a Stone of stumbling, and a Rock of
offence, to those that are disobedient; but to those that
@1 peter
us be religious. Is the ark a blessing to others' houses? We may
have it, and the blessing of it, without fetching it away from
our neighbours. David, at first setting out, offered sacrifices
to God. We are likely to speed in our enterprises, when we begin
with God, and give diligence to seek peace with him. And we are
so unworthy, and our services are so defiled, that all our joy
in God must be connected with repentance and faith in the
Redeemer's atoning blood. David attended with high expressions
of joy. We ought to serve God with our whole body and soul, and
with every endowment and power we possess. On this occasion
David laid aside his royal robes, and put on a plain linen
dress. David prayed with and for the people, and as a prophet,
solemnly blessed them in the name of the Lord.
@Verses 20-23
David returned to bless his household, to pray with them,
and for them, and to offer up family thanksgiving for this
national mercy. It is angels' work to worship God, surely that
cannot lower the greatest of men. But even the palaces of
princes are not free from family troubles. Exercises of religion
appear mean in the eyes of those who have little or no religion
themselves. If we can approve ourselves to God in what we do in
religion, and do it as before the Lord, we need not heed
reproach. Piety will have its praise: let us not be indifferent
in it, nor afraid or ashamed to own it. David was contented to
justify himself, and he did not further reprove or blame
Michal's insolence; but God punished her. Those that honour God,
he will honour; but those that despise him, and his servants and
service, shall be lightly esteemed.
David's care for the ark. (1-3) God's covenant with David.
(4-17) His prayer and thanksgiving. (18-29)
@Verses 1-3
David being at rest in his palace, considered how he might
best employ his leisure and prosperity in the service of God. He
formed a design to build a temple for the ark. Nathan here did
not speak as a prophet, but as a godly man, encouraging David by
his private judgment. We ought to do all we can to encourage and
promote the good purposes and designs of others, and, as we have
opportunity, to forward a good work.
@Verses 4-17
Blessings are promised to the family and posterity of
David. These promises relate to Solomon, David's immediate
successor, and the royal line of Judah. But they also relate to
Christ, who is often called David and the Son of David. To him
God gave all power in heaven and earth, with authority to
execute judgment. He was to build the gospel temple, a house for
God's name; the spiritual temple of true believers, to be a
habitation of God through the Spirit. The establishing of his
house, his throne, and his kingdom for ever, can be applied to
no other than to Christ and his kingdom: David's house and
kingdom long since came to an end. The committing iniquity
cannot be applied to the Messiah himself, but to his spiritual
seed; true believers have infirmities, for which they must
expect to be corrected, though they are not cast off.
@Verses 18-29
David's prayer is full of the breathings of devout
affection toward God. He had low thoughts of his own merits. All
we have, must be looked upon as Divine gifts. He speaks very
highly and honourably of the Lord's favours to him. Considering
what the character and condition of man is, we may be amazed
that God should deal with him as he does. The promise of Christ
includes all; if the Lord God be ours, what more can we ask, or
think of?
@ephesians 3:20
. He knows us better than we know ourselves;
therefore let us be satisfied with what he has done for us. What
can we say more for ourselves in our prayers, than God has said
for us in his promises? David ascribes all to the free grace of
God. Both the great things He had done for him, and the great
things He had made known to him. All was for his word's sake,
that is, for the sake of Christ the eternal Word. Many, when
they go to pray, have their hearts to seek, but David's heart
was found, that is, it was fixed; gathered in from its
wanderings, entirely engaged to the duty, and employed in it.
That prayer which is from the tongue only, will not please God;
it must be found in the heart; that must be lifted up and poured
out before God. He builds his faith, and hopes to speed, upon
the sureness of God's promise. David prays for the performance
of the promise. With God, saying and doing are not two things,
as they often are with men; God will do as he hath said. The
promises of God are not made to us by name, as to David, but
they belong to all who believe in Jesus Christ, and plead them
in his name.
David subdues the Philistines, the Moabites, and the Syrians.
(1-8) The spoil dedicated. (9-14) David's government and
officers. (15-18)
1-8. David subdued the Philistines. They had long been
troublesome to Israel. And after the long and frequent struggles
the saints have with the powers of darkness, like Israel with
the Philistines, the Son of David shall tread them all under
foot, and make the saints more than conquerors. He smote the
Moabites, and made them tributaries to Israel. Two parts he
destroyed, the third part he spared. The line that was to keep
alive, though it was but one, is ordered to be a full line. Let
the line of mercy be stretched to the utmost. He smote the
Syrians. In all these wars David was protected, for this in his
psalms he often gives glory to God.
@Verses 9-14
All the precious things David was master of, were
dedicated things; they were designed for building the temple.
@2 samuel
of gold he dedicated. Thus, in the conquest of a soul by the
grace of the Son of David, what stands in opposition to God must
be destroyed, every lust must be mortified and crucified, but
what may glorify him must be dedicated; thus the property of it
is altered. God employs his servants in various ways; some, as
David, in spiritual battles; others, as Solomon, in spiritual
buildings; and one prepares work for the other, that God may
have the glory of all.
@Verses 15-18
David neither did wrong, nor denied or delayed right to
any. This speaks his close application to business; also his
readiness to admit all addresses and appeals made to him. He had
no respect of persons in judgment. Herein he was a type of
Christ. To Him let us submit, his friendship let us seek, his
service let us count our pleasure, diligently attending to the
work he assigns to each of us. David made his sons chief rulers;
but all believers, Christ's spiritual seed, are better
preferred, for they are made kings and priests to our God, Re
1:6.
David sends for Mephibosheth. (1-8) And provides for him.
(9-13)
@Verses 1-8
Amidst numerous affairs we are apt to forget the gratitude
we owe, and the engagements we are under, not only to our
friends, but to God himself. Yet persons of real godliness will
have no rest till they have discharged them. And the most proper
objects of kindness and charity, frequently will not be found
without inquiry. Jonathan was David's sworn friend, therefore he
shows kindness to his son Mephibosheth. God is faithful to us;
let us not be unfaithful to one another. If Providence has
raised us, and our friends and their families are brought low,
we must look upon that as giving us the fairer opportunity of
being kind to them.
@Verses 9-13
As David was a type of Christ, his Lord and Son, his Root
and Offspring, let his kindness to Mephibosheth remind us of the
kindness and love of God our Saviour to fallen man, to whom he
was under no obligation, as David was to Jonathan. The Son of
God seeks this lost and ruined race, who sought not after him.
He comes to seek and to save them!
David's messengers ill-treated by Hanun. (1-5) The Ammonites
defeated. (6-14) The Syrians defeated. (15-19)
@Verses 1-5
Nahash had been an enemy to Israel, yet had showed kindness
to David. David therefore resolves gratefully to return it. If a
Pharisee gives alms in pride, though God will not reward it, yet
he that receives the alms ought to return thanks for it. Those
who bear ill-will to their neighbours, are resolved not to
believe that their neighbours bear any good-will to them. There
is nothing so well meant, but it may be ill interpreted, and is
wont to be so, by men who love nobody but themselves. The best
men must not think it strange if they are thus misrepresented.
Charity thinketh no evil. According to the usages of those days
and countries, Hanun treated David's ambassadors in the most
contemptuous manner. David showed much concern for his servants.
Let us learn not to lay unjust reproaches to heart; they will
wear off, and turn only to the shame of those who utter or do
them; while the reputation wrongfully hurt in a little time
grows again, as these beards did. God will bring forth thy
righteousness as the light, therefore wait patiently for him,
@psalms 37:6,7
.
@Verses 6-14
They that are at war with the Son of David, not only give
the provocation, but begin the war. God has forces to send
against those that set his wrath at defiance,
@isaiah 5:19
, which
will convince them that none ever hardened his heart against
God, and prospered. Christ's soldiers should strengthen one
another's hands in their spiritual warfare. Let nothing be
wanting in us, whatever the success be. When we make conscience
of doing our duty, we may, with satisfaction, leave the event
with God, assuredly hoping for his salvation in his own way and
time.
@Verses 15-19
Here is a new attempt of the Syrians. Even the baffled
cause will make head as long as there is any life in it; the
enemies of the Son of David do so. But now the promise made to
Abraham, #Ge 15:18|, and repeated to Joshua,
@joshua 1:4
, that the
borders of Israel should extend to the river Euphrates, was
performed. Learn hence, that it is dangerous to help those who
have God against them; for when they fall, their helpers will
fall with them.
David's adultery. (1-5) He tries to conceal his crime. (6-13)
Uriah murdered. (14-27)
@Verses 1-5
Observe the occasions of David's sin; what led to it. 1.
Neglect of his business. He tarried at Jerusalem. When we are
out of the way of our duty, we are in temptation. 2. Love of
ease: idleness gives great advantage to the tempter. 3. A
wandering eye. He had not, like Job, made a covenant with his
eyes, or, at this time, he had forgotten it. And observe the
steps of the sin. See how the way of sin is down-hill; when men
begin to do evil, they cannot soon stop. Observe the
aggravations of the sin. How could David rebuke or punish that
in others, of which he was conscious that he himself was guilty?
@Verses 6-13
Giving way to sin hardens the heart, and provokes the
departure of the Holy Spirit. Robbing a man of his reason, is
worse than robbing him of his money; and drawing him into sin,
is worse than drawing him into any wordly trouble whatever.
@Verses 14-27
Adulteries often occasion murders, and one wickedness is
sought to be covered by another. The beginnings of sin are much
to be dreaded; for who knows where they will end? Can a real
believer ever tread this path? Can such a person be indeed a
child of God? Though grace be not lost in such an awful case,
the assurance and consolation of it must be suspended. All
David's life, spirituality, and comfort in religion, we may be
sure were lost. No man in such a case can have evidence to be
satisfied that he is a believer. The higher a man's confidence
is, who has sunk in wickedness, the greater his presumption and
hypocrisy. Let not any one who resembles David in nothing but
his transgressions, bolster up his confidence with this example.
Let him follow David in his humiliation, repentance, and his
other eminent graces, before he thinks himself only a
backslider, and not a hypocrite. Let no opposer of the truth
say, These are the fruits of faith! No; they are the effects of
corrupt nature. Let us all watch against the beginnings of
self-indulgence, and keep at the utmost distance from all evil.
But with the Lord there is mercy and plenteous redemption. He
will cast out no humble, penitent believer; nor will he suffer
Satan to pluck his sheep out of his hand. Yet the Lord will
recover his people, in such a way as will mark his abhorrence of
their crimes, to hinder all who regard his word from abusing the
encouragements of his mercy.
Nathan's parable-David confesses his sin. (1-14) The birth of
Solomon. (15-25) David's severity to the Ammonites. (26-31)
@Verses 1-14
God will not suffer his people to lie still in sin. By
this parable Nathan drew from David a sentence against himself.
Great need there is of prudence in giving reproofs. In his
application, he was faithful. He says in plain terms, Thou art
the man. God shows how much he hates sin, even in his own
people; and wherever he finds it, he will not let it go
unpunished. David says not a word to excuse himself or make
light of his sin, but freely owns it. When David said, I have
sinned, and Nathan perceived that he was a true penitent, he
assured him his sin was forgiven. Thou shalt not die: that is,
not die eternally, nor be for ever put away from God, as thou
wouldest have been, if thou hadst not put away the sin. Though
thou shalt all thy days be chastened of the Lord, yet thou shalt
not be condemned with the world. There is this great evil in the
sins of those who profess religion and relation to God, that
they furnish the enemies of God and religion with matter for
reproach and blasphemy. And it appears from David's case, that
even where pardon is obtained, the Lord will visit the
transgression of his people with the rod, and their iniquity
with stripes. For one momentary gratification of a vile lust,
David had to endure many days and years of extreme distress.
@Verses 15-25
David now penned the 51st Psalm, in which, though he had
been assured that his sin was pardoned, he prays earnestly for
pardon, and greatly laments his sin. He was willing to bear the
shame of it, to have it ever before him, to be continually
upbraided with it. God gives us leave to be earnest with him in
prayer for particular blessings, from trust in his power and
general mercy, though we have no particular promise to build
upon. David patiently submitted to the will of God in the death
of one child, and God made up the loss to his advantage, in the
birth of another. The way to have creature comforts continued or
restored, or the loss made up some other way, is cheerfully to
resign them to God. God, by his grace, particularly owned and
favoured that son, and ordered him to be called Jedidiah,
Beloved of the Lord. Our prayers for our children are graciously
and as fully answered when some of them die in their infancy,
for they are well taken care of, and when others live, "beloved
of the Lord."
@Verses 26-31
To be thus severe in putting the children of Ammon to
slavery was a sign that David's heart was not yet made soft by
repentance, at the time when this took place. We shall be most
compassionate, kind, and forgiving to others, when we most feel
our need of the Lord's forgiving love, and taste the sweetness
of it in our own souls.
Ammon's violence to his sister. (1-20) Absalom murders his
brother Ammon. (21-29) David's grief, Absalom flees to Geshur.
(30-39)
@Verses 1-20
From henceforward David was followed with one trouble
after another. Adultery and murder were David's sins, the like
sins among his children were the beginnings of his punishment:
he was too indulgent to his children. Thus David might trace the
sins of his children to his own misconduct, which must have made
the anguish of the chastisement worse. Let no one ever expect
good treatment from those who are capable of attempting their
seduction; but it is better to suffer the greatest wrong than to
commit the least sin.
@Verses 21-29
Observe the aggravations of Absalom's sin: he would have
Ammon slain, when least fit to go out of the world. He engaged
his servants in the guilt. Those servants are ill-taught who
obey wicked masters, against God's commands. Indulged children
always prove crosses to godly parents, whose foolish love leads
them to neglect their duty to God.
@Verses 30-39
Jonadab was as guilty of Ammon's death, as of his sin;
such false friends do they prove, who counsel us to do wickedly.
Instead of loathing Absalom as a murderer, David, after a time,
longed to go forth to him. This was David's infirmity: God saw
something in his heart that made a difference, else we should
have thought that he, as much as Eli, honoured his sons more
than God.
Joab procures Absalom's recall. (1-20) Absalom recalled.
(21-24) His personal beauty. (25-27) He is admitted to his
father's presence. (28-33)
@Verses 1-20
We may notice here, how this widow pleads God's mercy, and
his clemency toward poor guilty sinners. The state of sinners is
a state of banishment from God. God pardons none to the
dishonour of his law and justice, nor any who are impenitent;
nor to the encouragement of crimes, or the hurt of others.
@Verses 21-24
David was inclined to favour Absalom, yet, for the honour
of his justice, he could not do it but upon application made for
him, which may show the methods of Divine grace. It is true that
God has thoughts of compassion toward poor sinners, not willing
that any should perish; yet he is only reconciled to them
through a Mediator, who pleads on their behalf. God was in
Christ reconciling the world to himself, and Christ came to this
land of our banishment, to bring us to God.
@Verses 25-27
Nothing is said of Absalom's wisdom and piety. All here
said of him is, that he was very handsome. A poor commendation
for a man that had nothing else in him valuable. Many a
polluted, deformed soul dwells in a fair and comely body. And we
read that he had a very fine head of hair. It was a burden to
him, but he would not cut it as long as he could bear the
weight. That which feeds and gratifies pride, is not complained
of, though uneasy. May the Lord grant us the beauty of holiness,
and the adorning of a meek and quiet spirit! Only those who fear
God are truly happy.
@Verses 28-33
By his insolent carriage toward Joab, Absalom brought
Joab to plead for him. By his insolent message to the king, he
gained his wishes. When parents and rulers countenance such
characters, they will soon suffer the most fatal effects. But
did the compassion of a father prevail to reconcile him to an
impenitent son, and shall penitent sinners question the
compassion of Him who is the Father of mercies?
Absalom's ambition. (1-6) His conspiracy. (7-12) David leaves
Jerusalem. (13-23) David sends back the ark. (24-30) He prays
against Ahithophel's counsel. (31-37)
@Verses 1-6
David allows Absalom's pomp. Those parents know not what
they do, who indulge a proud humour in their children: many
young people are ruined by pride. And those commonly are most
eager for authority who least understand its duties.
@Verses 7-12
See how willing tender parents are to believe the best
concerning their children. But how easy and how wicked is it,
for children to take advantage of good parents, and to deceive
them with the show of religion! The principal men of Jerusalem
joined Absalom's feast upon his sacrifice. Pious persons are
glad to see others appear religious, and this gives occasion for
deceptions. The policy of wicked men, and the subtlety of Satan,
are exerted to draw good persons to countenance base designs.
@Verses 13-23
David determined to quit Jerusalem. He took this resolve,
as a penitent submitting to the rod. Before unrighteous Absalom
he could justify himself, and stand out; but before the
righteous God he must condemn himself, and yield to his
judgments. Thus he accepts the punishment of his sin. And good
men, when they themselves suffer, are anxious that others should
not be led to suffer with them. He compelled none; those whose
hearts were with Absalom, to Absalom let them go, and so shall
their doom be. Thus Christ enlists none but willing followers.
David cannot bear to think that Ittai, a stranger and an exile,
a proselyte and a new convert, who ought to be encouraged and
made easy, should meet with hard usage. But such value has Ittai
for David's wisdom and goodness, that he will not leave him. He
is a friend indeed, who loves at all times, and will adhere to
us in adversity. Let us cleave to the Son of David, with full
purpose of heart, and neither life nor death shall separate us
from his love.
@Verses 24-30
David is very careful for the safety of the ark. It is
right to be more concerned for the church's prosperity than our
own; to prefer the success of the gospel above our own wealth,
credit, ease, and safety. Observe with what satisfaction and
submission David speaks of the Divine disposal. It is our
interest, as well as our duty, cheerfully to acquiesce in the
will of God, whatever befalls us. Let us see God's hand in all
events; and that we may not be afraid of what shall be, let us
see all events in God's hand. David's sin was ever before him,
@psalms 51:3
; but never so plain, nor ever appearing so black as
now. He never wept thus when Saul hunted him, but a wounded
conscience makes troubles lie heavy,
@psalms 38:4
.
@Verses 31-37
David prays not against Ahithophel's person, but against
his counsel. He prayed this, in firm belief that God has all
hearts in his hand, and tongues also. But we must second our
prayers with endeavours, and David did so, else we tempt God.
But we do not find wisdom and simplicity so united in any mere
man, that we can perceive nothing which needs forgiveness. Yet,
when the Son of David was treated with all possible treachery
and cruelty, his wisdom, meekness, candour, and patience, were
perfect. Him let us follow, cleave to, and serve, in life and in
death.
Ziba's falsehood. (1-4) David cursed by Shimei. (5-14)
Ahithophel's counsel. (15-23)
@Verses 1-4
Ziba belied Mephibosheth. Great men ought always to be
jealous of flatterers, and to be careful that they hear both
sides.
@Verses 5-14
David bore Shimei's curses much better than Ziba's
flatteries; by these he was brought to pass a wrong judgment on
another, by those to pass a right judgment on himself: the
world's smiles are more dangerous than its frowns. Once and
again David spared Saul's life, while Saul sought his. But
innocence is no defence against malice and falsehood; nor are we
to think it strange, if we are charged with that which we have
been most careful to keep ourselves from. It is well for us,
that men are not to be our judges, but He whose judgment is
according to truth. See how patient David was under this abuse.
Let this remind us of Christ, who prayed for those who reviled
and crucified him. A humble spirit will turn reproaches into
reproofs, and get good from them, instead of being provoked by
them. David the hand of God in it, and comforts himself that God
would bring good out of his affliction. We may depend upon God
to repay, not only our services, but our sufferings.
@Verses 15-23
The wisest counsellors of that age were Ahithophel and
Hushai: Absalom thinks himself sure of success, when he has
both; on them he relies, and consults not the ark, though he had
that with him. But miserable counsellors were they both. Hushai
would never counsel him to do wisely. Ahithophel counselled him
to do wickedly; and so did as effectually betray him, as he did,
who was designedly false to him: for they that advise men to
sin, certainly advise them to their hurt. After all, honesty is
the best policy, and will be found so in the long run.
Ahithophel gave wicked counsel to Absalom; to render himself so
hateful to his father, that he would never be reconciled to him;
this cursed policy was of the devil. How desperately wicked is
the human heart!
Ahithophel's counsel overthrown. (1-21) He hangs himself,
Absalom pursues David. (22-29)
@Verses 1-21
Here was a wonderful effect of Divine Providence blinding
Absalom's mind and influencing his heart, that he could not rest
in Ahithophel's counsel, and that he should desire Hushai's
advice. But there is no contending with that God who can arm a
man against himself, and destroy him by his own mistakes and
passions. Ahithophel's former counsel was followed, for God
intended to correct David; but his latter counsel was not
followed, for God meant not to destroy him. He can overrule all
counsels. Whatever wisdom or help any man employs or affords,
the success is from God alone, who will not let his people
perish.
@Verses 22-29
Ahithophel hanged himself for vexation that his counsel
was not followed. That will break a proud man's heart which will
not break a humble man's sleep. He thought himself in danger,
concluding, that, because his counsel was not followed,
Absalom's cause would fail; and to prevent a possible public
execution, he does justice upon himself. Thus the breath is
stopped, and the head laid low, from which nothing could be
expected but mischief. Absalom chased his father. But observe
how God sometimes makes up to his people that comfort from
strangers, which they are disappointed of in their own families.
Our King needs not our help; but he assures us, that what we do
for the least of his brethren, who are sick, poor, and
destitute, shall be accepted and recompensed as if done to
himself
Absalom's army defeated. (1-8) He is slain. (9-18) David's
over-sorrow. (19-33)
@Verses 1-8
How does David render good for evil! Absalom would have
only David smitten; David would have only Absalom spared. This
seems to be a resemblance of man's wickedness towards God, and
God's mercy to man, of which it is hard to say which is most
amazing. Now the Israelites see what it is to take counsel
against the Lord and his anointed.
@Verses 9-18
Let young people look upon Absalom, hanging on a tree,
accursed, forsaken of heaven and earth; there let them read the
Lord's abhorrence of rebellion against parents. Nothing can
preserve men from misery and contempt, but heavenly wisdom and
the grace of God.
@Verses 19-33
By directing David to give God thanks for his victory,
Ahimaaz prepared him for the news of his son's death. The more
our hearts are fixed and enlarged, in thanksgiving to God for
our mercies, the better disposed we shall be to bear with
patience the afflictions mixed with them. Some think David's
wish arose from concern about Absalom's everlasting state; but
he rather seems to have spoken without due thought. He is to be
blamed for showing so great fondness for a graceless son. Also
for quarrelling with Divine justice. And for opposing the
justice of the nation, which, as king, he had to administer, and
which ought to be preferred before natural affection. The best
men are not always in a good frame; we are apt to over-grieve
for what we over-loved. But while we learn from this example to
watch and pray against sinful indulgence, or neglect of our
children, may we not, in David, perceive a shadow of the
Saviour's love, who wept over, prayed for, and even suffered
death for mankind, though vile rebels and enemies.
Joab causes David to cease mourning. (1-8) David returns to
Jordan. (9-15) He pardons Shimei. (16-23) Mephibosheth excused.
(24-30) David's parting with Barzillai. (31-39) Israel quarrels
with Judah. (40-43)
@Verses 1-8
To continue to lament for so bad a son as Absalom, was very
unwise, and very unworthy. Joab censures David, but not with
proper respect and deference to his sovereign. A plain case may
be fairly pleaded with those above us, and they may be reproved
for what they do amiss, but it must not be with rudeness and
insolence. Yet David took the reproof and the counsel, prudently
and mildly. Timely giving way, usually prevents the ill effects
of mistaken measures.
@Verses 9-15
God's providence, by the priests' persuasions and Amasa's
interest, brought the people to resolve the recall of the king.
David stirred not till he received this invitation. Our Lord
Jesus will rule in those that invite him to the throne in their
hearts, and not till he is invited. He first bows the heart, and
makes it willing in the day of his power, then rules in the
midst of his enemies,
@psalms 110:2,3
.
@Verses 16-23
Those who now slight and abuse the Son of David, would be
glad to make their peace when he shall come in his glory; but it
will be too late. Shimei lost no time. His abuse had been
personal, and with the usual right feeling of good men, David
could more easily forgive it.
@Verses 24-30
David recalls the forfeiture of Mephibosheth's estate;
and he expressed joy for the king's return. A good man
contentedly bears his own losses, while he sees Israel in peace,
and the Son of David exalted.
@Verses 31-39
Barzillai thought he had done himself honour in doing the
king any service. Thus, when the saints shall be called to
inherit the kingdom, they will be amazed at the recompence being
so very far beyond the service,
@matthew 25:37
. A good man would not
go any where to be burdensome; or, will rather be so to his own
house than to another's. It is good for all, but especially
becomes old people, to think and speak much of dying. The grave
is ready for me, let me go and get ready for it.
@Verses 40-43
The men of Israel though themselves despised, and the
fiercer words of the men of Judah produced very bad effects.
Much evil might be avoided, if men would watch against pride,
and remember that a soft answer turneth away wrath. Though we
have right and reason on our side, if we speak it with
fierceness, God is displeased.
Sheba's rebellion. (1-3) Amasa slain by Joab. (4-13) Sheba
takes refuge in Abel. (14-22) David's officers. (23-26)
@Verses 1-3
One trial arises after another for our good, till we reach
the place where sin and sorrow are for ever done away. Angry
disputers misunderstand or misconstrue one another's words;
proud men will have every thing their own way, or wholly refuse
their assistance. The favour of the many is not to be depended
upon; and what have others to expect, when Hosanna to the Son of
David was soon changed to Crucify him, crucify him?
@Verses 4-13
Joab barbarously murdered Amasa. The more plot there is in
a sin, the worse it is. Joab contentedly sacrificed the interest
both of the king and the kingdom to his personal revenge. But
one would wonder with what face a murderer could pursue a
traitor; and how, under such a load of guilt, he had courage to
enter upon danger: his conscience was seared.
@Verses 14-22
Justly is that place attacked, which dares to harbour a
traitor; nor will the heart fare better which indulges
rebellious lusts, that will not have Christ to reign over them.
A discreet woman, by her prudent management, satisfied Joab, and
yet saved the city. Wisdom is not confined to rank or sex; it
consists not in deep knowledge; but in understanding how to act
as matters arise, that troubles may be turned away and benefits
secured. A great deal of mischief would be prevented, if
contending parties would understand one another. Let both sides
be undeceived. The single condition of peace is, the surrender
of the traitor. It is so in God's dealing with the soul, when
besieged by conviction and distress; sin is the traitor; the
beloved lust is the rebel: part with that, cast away the
transgression, and all shall be well. There is no peace on any
other terms.
@Verses 23-26
Here is the state of David's court, after his
restoration. It is well when able men are appointed to discharge
public duties; let all seek to perform those duties, as faithful
servants to the Son of David.
The Gibeonites avenged. (1-9) Rizpah's care for the bodies of
Saul's descendants. (10-14) Battles with the Philistines.
(15-22)
@Verses 1-9
Every affliction arises from sin, and should lead us to
repent and humble ourselves before God; but some troubles
especially show that they are sent to bring sin to remembrance.
God's judgments often look a great way back, which requires us
to do so, when we are under his rebukes. It is not for us to
object against the people's smarting for the sin of their king;
perhaps they helped him. Nor against this generation suffering
for the sin of the last. God often visits the sins of the
fathers upon the children, and he gives no account of any
matters. Time does not wear out the guilt of sin; nor can we
build hopes of escape upon the delay of judgments. If we cannot
understand all the reasons of Providence in this matter, still
we have no right to demand that God should acquaint us with
those reasons. It must be right, because it is the will of God,
and in the end it will be proved to be so. Money is no
satisfaction for blood. It should seem, Saul's posterity trod in
his steps, for it is called a bloody house. It was the spirit of
the family, therefore they are justly reckoned with for his sin,
as well as for their own. The Gibeonites did not require this
out of malice against Saul or his family. It was not to gratify
any revenge, but for the public good. They were put to death at
the beginning of harvest; they were thus sacrificed to turn away
the wrath of Almighty God, who had withheld the harvest-mercies
for some years past, and to obtain his favour in the present
harvest. In vain do we expect mercy from God, unless we do
justice upon our sins. Executions must not be thought cruel,
which are for the public welfare.
@Verses 10-14
That a guilty land should enjoy many years of plenty,
calls for gratitude; and we need not wonder misused abundance
should be punished with scarcity; yet how few are disposed to
ask of the Lord concerning the sinful cause, while numbers
search for the second causes by which he is pleased to work! But
the Lord will plead the cause of those who cannot or will not
avenge themselves; and the prayers of the poor are of great
power. When God sent rain to water the earth, these bodies were
buried, for then it appeared that God was entreated for the
land. When justice is done on earth, vengeance from heaven
ceases. God is pacified, and is entreated for us through Christ,
who was hanged on a tree, and so made a curse for us, to do away
our guilt, though he was himself guiltless.
@Verses 15-22
These events seem to have taken place towards the end of
David's reign. David fainted, but he did not flee, and God sent
help in the time of need. In spiritual conflicts, even strong
saints sometimes wax faint; then Satan attacks them furiously;
but those who stand their ground and resist him, shall be
relieved and made more than conquerors. Death is a Christian's
last enemy, and a son of Anak; but through Him that triumphed
for us, believers shall be more than conquerors at last, even
over that enemy.
David's psalm of thanksgiving.
- This chapter is a psalm of praise; we find it afterwards
nearly as
@psalms 18
. They that trust God in the way of duty, shall
find him a present help in their greatest dangers: David did so.
Remarkable preservations should be particularly mentioned in our
praises. We shall never be delivered from all enemies till we
@2 timothy
Those who receive signal mercies from God, ought to give him the
glory. In the day that God delivered David, he sang this song.
While the mercy is fresh, and we are most affected with it, let
the thank-offering be brought, to be kindled with the fire of
that affection. All his joys and hopes close, as all our hopes
should do, in the great Redeemer.
David's last words. (1-7) David's mighty men. (8-39)
@Verses 1-7
These words of David are very worthy of regard. Let those
who have had long experience of God's goodness, and the
pleasantness of heavenly wisdom, when they come to finish their
course, bear their testimony to the truth of the promise. David
avows his Divine inspiration, that the Spirit of God spake by
him. He, and other holy men, spake and wrote as they were moved
by the Holy Ghost. In many things he had his own neglect and
wrong conduct to blame. But David comforted himself that the
Lord had made with him an everlasting covenant. By this he
principally intended the covenant of mercy and peace, which the
Lord made with him as a sinner, who believed in the promised
Saviour, who embraced the promised blessing, who yielded up
himself to the Lord, to be his redeemed servant. Believers shall
for ever enjoy covenant blessings; and God the Father, Son, and
Holy Ghost, shall be for ever glorified in their salvation. Thus
pardon, righteousness, grace, and eternal life, are secured as
the gift of God through Jesus Christ. There is an infinite
fulness of grace and all blessings treasured up in Christ, for
those who seek his salvation. This covenant was all David's
salvation, he so well knew the holy law of God and the extent of
his own sinfulness, that he perceived what was needful for his
own case in this salvation. It was therefore all his desire. In
comparison, all earthly objects lost their attractions; he was
willing to give them up, or to die and leave them, that he might
enjoy full happiness,
@psalms 73:24-28
. Still the power of evil,
and the weakness of his faith, hope, and love, were his grief
and burden. Doubtless he would have allowed that his own
slackness and want of care were the cause; but the hope that he
should soon be made perfect in glory, encouraged him in his
dying moments.
@Verses 8-39
David once earnestly longed for the water at the well of
Bethlehem. It seems to be an instance of weakness. He was
thirsty; with the water of that well he had often refreshed
himself when a youth, and it was without due thought that he
desired it. Were his valiant men so forward to expose
themselves, upon the least hint of their prince's mind, and so
eager to please him, and shall not we long to approve ourselves
to our Lord Jesus, by ready compliance with his will, as shown
us by his word, Spirit, and providence? But David poured out the
water as a drink-offering to the Lord. Thus he would cross his
own foolish fancy, and punish himself for indulging it, and show
that he had sober thoughts to correct his rash ones, and knew
how to deny himself. Did David look upon that water as very
precious which was got at the hazard of these men's blood, and
shall not we much more value those benefits for purchasing which
our blessed Saviour shed his blood? Let all beware of neglecting
so great salvation.
David numbers the people. (1-9) He chooses the pestilence.
(10-15) The staying the pestilence. (16,17) David's sacrifice,
The plague removed. (18-25)
@Verses 1-9
For the people's sin David was left to act wrong, and in
his chastisement they received punishment. This example throws
light upon God's government of the world, and furnishes a useful
lesson. The pride of David's heart, was his sin in numbering of
the people. He thought thereby to appear the more formidable,
trusting in an arm of flesh more than he should have done, and
though he had written so much of trusting in God only. God
judges not of sin as we do. What appears to us harmless, or, at
least, but a small offence, may be a great sin in the eye of
God, who discerns the thoughts and intents of the heart. Even
ungodly men can discern evil tempers and wrong conduct in
believers, of which they themselves often remain unconscious.
But God seldom allows those whom he loves the pleasures they
sinfully covet.
@Verses 10-15
It is well, when a man has sinned, if he has a heart
within to smite him for it. If we confess our sins, we may pray
in faith that God would forgive them, and take away, by
pardoning mercy, that sin which we cast away by sincere
repentance. What we make the matter of our pride, it is just in
God to take from us, or make bitter to us, and make it our
punishment. This must be such a punishment as the people have a
large share in, for though it was David's sin that opened the
sluice, the sins of the people all contributed to the flood. In
this difficulty, David chose a judgment which came immediately
from God, whose mercies he knew to be very great, rather than
from men, who would have triumphed in the miseries of Israel,
and have been thereby hardened in their idolatry. He chose the
pestilence; he and his family would be as much exposed to it as
the poorest Israelite; and he would continue for a shorter time
under the Divine rebuke, however severe it was. The rapid
destruction by the pestilence shows how easily God can bring
down the proudest sinners, and how much we owe daily to the
Divine patience.
@Verses 16-17
Perhaps there was more wickedness, especially more pride,
and that was the sin now chastised, in Jerusalem than elsewhere,
therefore the hand of the destroyer is stretched out upon that
city; but the Lord repented him of the evil, changed not his
mind, but his way. In the very place where Abraham was stayed
from slaying his son, this angel, by a like countermand, was
stayed from destroying Jerusalem. It is for the sake of the
great Sacrifice, that our forfeited lives are preserved from the
destroying angel. And in David is the spirit of a true shepherd
of the people, offering himself as a sacrifice to God, for the
salvation of his subjects.
@Verses 18-25
God's encouraging us to offer to him spiritual
sacrifices, is an evidence of his reconciling us to himself.
David purchased the ground to build the altar. God hates robbery
for burnt-offering. Those know not what religion is, who chiefly
care to make it cheap and easy to themselves, and who are best
pleased with that which costs them least pains or money. For
what have we our substance, but to honour God with it; and how
can it be better bestowed? See the building of the altar, and
the offering proper sacrifices upon it. Burnt-offerings to the
glory of God's justice; peace-offerings to the glory of his
mercy. Christ is our Altar, our Sacrifice; in him alone we may
expect to escape his wrath, and to find favour with God. Death
is destroying all around, in so many forms, and so suddenly,
that it is madness not to expect and prepare for the close of
life.
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
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