In this book we have an account of Eli, and the wickedness of his sons; also of Samuel, his character and actions. Then of the advancement of Saul to be the king of Israel, and his ill behaviour, until his death made way for David's succession to the throne, who was an eminent type of Christ. David's patience, modesty, constancy, persecution by open enemies and feigned friends, are a pattern and example to the church, and to every member of it. Many things in this book encourage the faith, hope, and patience of the suffering believer. It contains also many useful cautions and awful warnings.
Elkanah and his family. (1-8) Hannah's prayer. (9-18) Samuel, Hannah presents him to the Lord. (19-28)
@Verses 1-8 Elkanah kept up his attendance at God's altar, notwithstanding the unhappy differences in his family. If the devotions of a family prevail not to put an end to its divisions, yet let not the divisions put a stop to the devotions. To abate our just love to any relation for the sake of any infirmity which they cannot help, and which is their affliction, is to make God's providence quarrel with his precept, and very unkindly to add affliction to the afflicted. It is evidence of a base disposition, to delight in grieving those who are of a sorrowful spirit, and in putting those out of humour who are apt to fret and be uneasy. We ought to bear one another's burdens, not add to them. Hannah could not bear the provocation. Those who are of a fretful spirit, and are apt to lay provocations too much to heart, are enemies to themselves, and strip themselves of many comforts both of life and godliness. We ought to notice comforts, to keep us from grieving for crosses. We should look at that which is for us, as well as what is against us.
@Verses 9-18 Hannah mingled tears with her prayers; she considered the mercy of our God, who knows the troubled soul. God gives us leave, in prayer, not only to ask good things in general, but to mention that special good thing we most need and desire. She spoke softly, none could hear her. Hereby she testified her belief of God's knowledge of the heart and its desires. Eli was high priest, and judge in Israel. It ill becomes us to be rash and hasty in censures of others, and to think people guilty of bad things while the matter is doubtful and unproved. Hannah did not retort the charge, and upbraid Eli with the wicked conduct of his own sons. When we are at any time unjustly censured, we have need to set a double watch before the door of our lips, that we do not return censure for censure. Hannah thought it enough to clear herself, and so must we. Eli was willing to acknowledge his mistake. Hannah went away with satisfaction of mind. She had herself by prayer committed her case to God, and Eli had prayed for her. Prayer is heart's ease to a gracious soul. Prayer will smooth the countenance; it should do so. None will long remain miserable, who use aright the privilege of going to the mercy-seat of a reconciled God in Christ Jesus.
@Verses 19-28
Elkanah and his family had a journey before them, and a
family of children to take with them, yet they would not move
till they had worshipped God together. Prayer and provender do
not hinder a journey. When men are in such haste to set out upon
journeys, or to engage in business, that they have not time to
worship God, they are likely to proceed without his presence and
blessing. Hannah, though she felt a warm regard for the courts
of God's house, begged to stay at home. God will have mercy, and
not sacrifice. Those who are detained from public ordinances, by
the nursing and tending of little children, may take comfort
from this instance, and believe, that if they do that duty in a
right spirit, God will graciously accept them therein. Hannah
presented her child to the Lord with a grateful acknowledgment
of his goodness in answer to prayer. Whatever we give to God, it
is what we have first asked and received from him. All our gifts
to him were first his gifts to us. The child Samuel early showed
true piety. Little children should be taught to worship God when
very young. Their parents should teach them in it, bring them to
it, and put them on doing it as well as they can; God will
graciously accept them, and will teach them to do better.
Hannah's song of thanksgiving. (1-10) The wickedness of Eli's
sons, Samuel's ministry. (11-26) The prophecy against Eli's
family. (27-36)
@Verses 1-10
Hannah's heart rejoiced, not in Samuel, but in the Lord.
She looks beyond the gift, and praises the Giver. She rejoiced
in the salvation of the Lord, and in expectation of His coming,
who is the whole salvation of his people. The strong are soon
weakened, and the weak are soon strengthened, when God pleases.
Are we poor? God made us poor, which is a good reason why we
should be content, and make up our minds to our condition. Are
we rich? God made us rich, which is a good reason why we should
be thankful, and serve him cheerfully, and do good with the
abundance he gives us. He respects not man's wisdom or fancied
excellences, but chooses those whom the world accounts foolish,
teaching them to feel their guilt, and to value his free and
precious salvation. This prophecy looks to the kingdom of
Christ, that kingdom of grace, of which Hannah speaks, after
having spoken largely of the kingdom of providence. And here is
the first time that we meet with the name MESSIAH, or his
Anointed. The subjects of Christ's kingdom will be safe, and the
enemies of it will be ruined; for the Anointed, the Lord Christ,
is able to save, and to destroy.
@Verses 11-26
Samuel, being devoted to the Lord in a special manner,
was from a child employed about the sanctuary in the services he
was capable of. As he did this with a pious disposition of mind,
it was called ministering unto the Lord. He received a blessing
from the Lord. Those young people who serve God as well as they
can, he will enable to improve, that they may serve him better.
Eli shunned trouble and exertion. This led him to indulge his
children, without using parental authority to restrain and
correct them when young. He winked at the abuses in the service
of the sanctuary till they became customs, and led to
abominations; and his sons, who should have taught those that
engaged in the service of the sanctuary what was good, solicited
them to wickedness. Their offence was committed even in offering
the sacrifices for sins, which typified the atonement of the
Saviour! Sins against the remedy, the atonement itself, are most
dangerous, they tread under foot the blood of the covenant.
Eli's reproof was far too mild and gentle. In general, none are
more abandoned than the degenerate children of godly persons,
when they break through restraints.
@Verses 27-36
Those who allow their children in any evil way, and do
not use their authority to restrain and punish them, in effect
honour them more than God. Let Eli's example excite parents
earnestly to strive against the beginnings of wickedness, and to
train up their children in the nurture and admonition of the
Lord. In the midst of the sentence against the house of Eli,
mercy is promised to Israel. God's work shall never fall to the
ground for want of hands to carry it on. Christ is that merciful
and faithful High Priest, whom God raised up when the Levitical
priesthood was thrown off, who in all things did his Father's
mind, and for whom God will build a sure house, build it on a
rock, so that hell cannot prevail against it.
The word of the Lord first revealed to Samuel. (1-10) God
tells Samuel the destruction of Eli's house. (11-18) Samuel
established to be a prophet. (19-21)
@Verses 1-10
The call which Divine grace designs shall be made
effectual; will be repeated till it is so, till we come to the
call. Eli, perceiving that it was the voice of God that Samuel
heard, instructed him what to say. Though it was a disgrace to
Eli, for God's call to be directed to Samuel, yet he told him
how to meet it. Thus the elder should do their utmost to assist
and improve the younger that are rising up. Let us never fail to
teach those who are coming after us, even such as will soon be
preferred before us,
@john 1:30
. Good words should be put into
children's mouths betimes, by which they may be prepared to
learn Divine things, and be trained up to regard them.
@Verses 11-18
What a great deal of guilt and corruption is there in us,
concerning which we may say, It is the iniquity which our own
heart knoweth; we are conscious to ourselves of it! Those who do
not restrain the sins of others, when it is in their power to do
it, make themselves partakers of the guilt, and will be charged
as joining in it. In his remarkable answer to this awful
sentence, Eli acknowledged that the Lord had a right to do as he
saw good, being assured that he would do nothing wrong. The
meekness, patience, and humility contained in those words, show
that he was truly repentant; he accepted the punishment of his
sin.
@Verses 19-21
All increase in wisdom and grace, is owing to the
presence of God with us. God will graciously repeat his visits
to those who receive them aright. Early piety will be the
greatest honour of young people. Those who honour God he will
honour. Let young people consider the piety of Samuel, and from
him they will learn to remember their Creator in the days of
their youth. Young children are capable of religion. Samuel is a
proof that their waiting upon the Lord will be pleasing to him.
He is a pattern of all those amiable tempers, which are the
brightest ornament of youth, and a sure source of happiness.
The Israelites overcome by the Philistines. (1-9) The ark
taken. (10,11) The death of Eli. (12-18) The birth of Ichabod.
(19-22)
@Verses 1-9
Israel is smitten before the Philistines. Sin, the accursed
thing, was in the camp, and gave their enemies all the advantage
they could wish for. They own the hand of God in their trouble;
but, instead of submitting, they speak angrily, as not aware of
any just provocation they had given him. The foolishness of man
perverts his way, and then his heart frets against the Lord, Pr
19:3, and finds fault with him. They supposed that they could
oblige God to appear for them, by bringing the ark into their
camp. Those who have gone back in the life of religion,
sometimes discover great fondness for the outward observances of
it, as if those would save them; and as if the ark, God's
throne, in the camp, would bring them to heaven, though the
world and the flesh are on the throne in the heart.
@Verses 10-11
The taking of the ark was a great judgment upon Israel,
and a certain token of God's displeasure. Let none think to
shelter themselves from the wrath of God, under the cloak of
outward profession.
@Verses 12-18
The defeat of the army was very grievous to Eli as a
judge; the tidings of the death of his two sons, to whom he had
been so indulgent, and who, as he had reason to fear, died
impenitent, touched him as a father; yet there was a greater
concern on his spirit. And when the messenger concluded his
story with, "The ark of God is taken," he is struck to the
heart, and died immediately. A man may die miserably, yet not
die eternally; may come to an untimely end, yet the end be
peace.
@Verses 19-22
The wife of Phinehas seems to have been a person of
piety. Her dying regret was for the loss of the ark, and the
departure of the glory from Israel. What is any earthly joy to
her that feels herself dying? No joy but that which is spiritual
and divine, will stand in any stead then; death is too serious a
thing to admit the relish of any earthly joy. What is it to one
that is lamenting the loss of the ark? What pleasure can we take
in our creature comforts and enjoyments, if we want God's word
and ordinances; especially if we want the comfort of his
gracious presence, and the light of his countenance? If God go,
the glory goes, and all good goes. Woe unto us if he depart! But
though the glory is withdrawn from one sinful nation, city, or
village after another, yet it shall never depart altogether, but
shines forth in one place when eclipsed in another.
Dagon is broken before the ark. (1-5) The Philistine smitten.
(6-12)
@Verses 1-5
See the ark's triumph over Dagon. Thus the kingdom of Satan
will certainly fall before the kingdom of Christ, error before
truth, profaneness before godliness, and corruption before grace
in the hearts of the faithful. When the interests of religion
seem to be ready to sink, even then we may be confident that the
day of their triumph will come. When Christ, the true Ark of the
covenant, really enters the heart of fallen man, which is indeed
Satan's temple, all idols will fall, every endeavour to set them
up again will be vain, sin will be forsaken, and unrighteous
gain restored; the Lord will claim and possess the throne. But
pride, self-love, and worldly lusts, though dethroned and
crucified, still remain within us, like the stump of Dagon. Let
us watch and pray that they may not prevail. Let us seek to have
them more entirely destroyed.
@Verses 6-12
The hand of the Lord was heavy upon the Philistines; he
not only convinced them of their folly, but severely chastised
their insolence. Yet they would not renounce Dagon; and instead
of seeking God's mercy, they desired to get clear of his ark.
Carnal hearts, when they smart under the judgments of God, would
rather, if it were possible, put him far from them, than enter
into covenant or communion with him, and seek him for their
friend. But their devices to escape the Divine judgments only
increase them. Those that fight against God will soon have
enough of it.
The Philistines consult how to send back the ark. (1-9) They
bring it to Bethshemesh. (10-18) The people smitten for looking
into the ark. (19-21)
@Verses 1-9
Seven months the Philistines were punished with the
presence of the ark; so long it was a plague to them, because
they would not send it home sooner. Sinners lengthen out their
own miseries by refusing to part with their sins. The Israelites
made no effort to recover the ark. Alas! where shall we find
concern for religion prevail above all other matters? In times
of public calamity we fear for ourselves, for our families, and
for our country; but who cares for the ark of God? We are
favoured with the gospel, but it is treated with neglect or
contempt. We need not wonder if it should be taken from us; to
many persons this, though the heavies of calamities, would
occasion no grief. There are multitudes whom any profession
would please as well as that of Christianity. But there are
those who value the house, the word, and the ministry of God
above their richest possessions, who dread the loss of these
blessings more than death. How willing bad men are to shift off
their convictions, and when they are in trouble, to believe it
is a chance that happens; and that the rod has no voice which
they should hear or heed!
@Verses 10-18
These two kine knew their owner, their great Owner, whom
Hophin and Phinehas knew not. God's providence takes notice even
of brute creatures, and serves its own purposes by them. When
the reapers saw the ark, they rejoiced; their joy for that was
greater than the joy of harvest. The return of the ark, and the
revival of holy ordinances, after days of restraint and trouble,
are matters of great joy.
@Verses 19-21
It is a great affront to God, for vain men to pry into,
and meddle with the secret things which belong not to them, De
29:29; Col 2:18. Man was ruined by desiring forbidden
knowledge. God will not suffer his ark to be profaned. Be not
deceived, God is not mocked. Those that will not fear his
goodness, and reverently use the tokens of his grace, shall be
made to feel his justice. The number smitten is expressed in an
unusual manner in the original, and it is probable that it means
1170. They desire to be rid of the ark. Foolish men run from one
extreme to the other. They should rather have asked, How may we
have peace with God, and recover his favor?
@micah 6:6,7
. Thus,
when the word of God works with terror on sinners' consciences,
they, instead of taking the blame and shame to themselves,
quarrel with the word, and put that from them. Many stifle their
convictions, and put salvation away from them.
The ark removed to Kirjath-jearim. (1-4) The Israelites
solemnly repent. (5,6) The Lord discomfits the Philistines.
(7-12) They are subdued, Samuel judges Israel. (13-17)
@Verses 1-4
God will find a resting-place for his ark; if some thrust
it from them, the hearts of others shall be inclined to receive
it. It is no new thing for God's ark to be in a private house.
Christ and his apostles preached from house to house, when they
could not have public places. Twenty years passed before the
house of Israel cared for the want of the ark. During this time
the prophet Samuel laboured to revive true religion. The few
words used are very expressive; and this was one of the most
effectual revivals of religion which ever took place in Israel.
@Verses 5-6
Israel drew water and poured it out before the Lord;
signifying their humiliation and sorrow for sin. They pour out
their hearts in repentance before the Lord. They were free and
full in their confession, and fixed in their resolution to cast
away from them all their wrong doings. They made a public
confession, We have sinned against the Lord; thus giving glory
to God, and taking shame to themselves. And if we thus confess
our sins, we shall find our God faithful and just to forgive us
our sins.
@Verses 7-12
The Philistines invaded Israel. When sinners begin to
repent and reform, they must expect that Satan will muster all
his force against them, and set his instruments at work to the
utmost, to oppose and discourage them. The Israelites earnestly
beg Samuel to pray for them. Oh what a comfort it is to all
believers, that our great Intercessor above never ceases, is
never silent! for he always appears in the presence of God for
us. Samuel's sacrifice, without his prayer, had been an empty
shadow. God gave a gracious answer. And Samuel erected a
memorial of this victory, to the glory of God, and to encourage
Israel. Through successive generations, the church of God has
had cause to set up Eben-ezers for renewed deliverances; neither
outward persecutions nor inward corruptions have prevailed
against her, because "hitherto the Lord hath helped her:" and he
will help, even to the end of the world.
@Verses 13-17
In this great revival of true religion, the ark was
neither removed to Shiloh, nor placed with the tabernacle any
where else. This disregard to the Levitical institutions showed
that their typical meaning formed their chief use; and when that
was overlooked, they became a lifeless service, not to be
compared with repentance, faith, and the love of God and man.
The evil government of Samuel's sons. (1-3) The Israelites ask
for a king. (4-9) The manner of a king. (10-22)
@Verses 1-3
It does not appear that Samuel's sons were so profane and
vicious as Eli's sons; but they were corrupt judges, they turned
aside after lucre. Samuel took no bribes, but his sons did, and
then they perverted judgment. What added to the grievance of the
people was, that they were threatened by an invasion from
Nahash, king of the Ammonites.
@Verses 4-9
Samuel was displeased; he could patiently bear what
reflected on himself, and his own family; but it displeased him
when they said, Give us a king to judge us, because that
reflected upon God. It drove him to his knees. When any thing
disturbs us, it is our interest, as well as our duty, to show
our trouble before God. Samuel is to tell them that they shall
have a king. Not that God was pleased with their request, but as
sometimes he opposes us from loving-kindness, so at other times
he gratifies us in wrath; he did so here. God knows how to bring
glory to himself, and serves his own wise purposes, even by
men's foolish counsels.
@Verses 10-22
If they would have a king to rule them, as the eastern
kings ruled their subjects, they would find the yoke exceedingly
heavy. Those that submit to the government of the world and the
flesh, are told plainly, what hard masters they are, and what
tyranny the dominion of sin is. The law of God and the manner of
men widely differ from each other; the former should be our rule
in the several relations of life; the latter should be the
measure of our expectations from others. These would be their
grievances, and, when they complained to God, he would not hear
them. When we bring ourselves into distress by our own wrong
desires and projects, we justly forfeit the comfort of prayer,
and the benefit of Divine aid. The people were obstinate and
urgent in their demand. Sudden resolves and hasty desires make
work for long and leisurely repentance. Our wisdom is, to be
thankful for the advantages, and patient under the disadvantages
of the government we may live under; and to pray continually for
our rulers, that they may govern us in the fear of God, and that
we may live under them in all godliness and honesty. And it is a
hopeful symptom when our desires of worldly objects can brook
delay; and when we can refer the time and manner of their being
granted to God's providence.
Saul is brought to Samuel. (1-10) Samuel told concerning Saul.
(11-17) Samuel's treatment of Saul. (18-27)
@Verses 1-10
Saul readily went to seek his father's asses. His
obedience to his father was praise-worthy. His servant proposed,
that since they were now at Ramah, they should call on Samuel,
and take his advice. Wherever we are, we should use our
opportunities of acquainting ourselves with those who are wise
and good. Many will consult a man of God, if he comes in their
way, that would not go a step out of their way to get wisdom. We
sensibly feel worldly losses, and bestow much pains to make them
up; but how little do we attempt, and how soon are we weary, in
seeking the salvation of our souls! If ministers could tell men
how to secure their property, or to get wealth, they would be
more consulted and honoured than they now are, though employed
in teaching them how to escape eternal misery, and to obtain
eternal life. Most people would rather be told their fortune
than their duty. Samuel needed not their money, nor would he
have denied his advice, if they had not brought it; but they
gave it to him as a token of respect, and of the value they put
upon his office, and according to the general usage of those
times, always to bring a present to those in authority.
@Verses 11-17
The very maid-servants of the city could direct to the
prophet. They had heard of the sacrifice, and could tell of the
necessity for Samuel's presence. It is no small benefit to live
in religious and holy places. And we should always be ready to
help those who are seeking after God's prophets. Though God had,
in displeasure, granted Israel's request for a king, yet he
sends them a man to be captain over them, to save them out of
the hand of the Philistines. He does it, listening graciously to
their cry.
@Verses 18-27
Samuel, that good prophet, was so far from envying Saul,
or bearing him any ill-will, that he was the first and most
forward to do him honour. Both that evening and early the next
morning, Samuel communed with Saul upon the flat roof of the
house. We may suppose Samuel now convinced Saul that he was the
person God had fixed upon for the government, and of his own
willingness to resign. How different are the purposes of the
Lord for us, from our intentions for ourselves! Perhaps Saul was
the only one who ever went out to seek asses, and literally
found a kingdom; but many have set out and moved their dwellings
to seek riches and pleasures, who have been guided to places
where they found salvation for their souls. Thus they have met
with those who addressed them as if aware of the secrets of
their lives and hearts, and have been led seriously to regard
the word of the Lord. If this has been our case, though our
worldly plans have not prospered, let us not care for that; the
Lord has given us, or has prepared us for, what is far better.
Samuel anoints Saul. (1-8) Saul prophesies. (9-16) Saul chosen
king. (17-27)
@Verses 1-8
The sacred anointing, then used, pointed at the great
Messiah, or Anointed One, the King of the church, and High
Priest of our profession, who was anointed with the oil of the
Spirit, not by measure, but without measure, and above all the
priests and princes of the Jewish church. For Saul's further
satisfaction, Samuel gives him some signs which should come to
pass the same day. The first place he directs him to, was the
sepulchre of one of his ancestors; there he must be reminded of
his own mortality, and now that he had a crown before him, must
think of his grave, in which all his honour would be laid in the
dust. From the time of Samuel there appears to have been
schools, or places where pious young men were brought up in the
knowledge of Divine things. Saul should find himself strongly
moved to join with them, and should be turned into another man
from what he had been. The Spirit of God changes men,
wonderfully transforms them. Saul, by praising God in the
communion of saints, became another man, but it may be
questioned if he became a new man.
@Verses 9-16
The signs Samuel had given Saul, came to pass punctually;
he found that God had given him another heart, another
disposition of mind. Yet let not an outward show of devotion,
and a sudden change for the present, be too much relied on; Saul
among the prophets was Saul still. His being anointed was kept
private. He leaves it to God to carry on his own work by Samuel,
and sits still, to see how the matter will fall.
@Verses 17-27
Samuel tells the people, Ye have this day rejected your
God. So little fond was Saul now of that power, which soon
after, when he possessed it, he could not think of parting with,
that he hid himself. It is good to be conscious of our
unworthiness and insufficiency for the services to which we are
called; but men should not go into the contrary extreme, by
refusing the employments to which the Lord and the church call
them. The greater part of the people treated the matter with
indifference. Saul modestly went home to his own house, but was
attended by a band of men whose hearts God disposed to support
his authority. If the heart bend at any time the right way, it
is because He has touched it. One touch is enough when it is
Divine. Others despised him. Thus differently are men affected
to our exalted Redeemer. There is a remnant who submit to him,
and follow him wherever he goes; they are those whose hearts God
has touched, whom he has made willing. But there are others who
despise him, who ask, How shall this man save us? They are
offended in him, and they will be punished.
Jabesh-gilead delivered. (1-11) Saul confirmed in his kingdom.
(12-15)
@Verses 1-11
The first fruit of Saul's government was the rescue of
Jabesh-gilead from the Ammonites. To save their lives, men will
part with liberty, and even consent to have their eyes put out;
is it then no wisdom to part with that sin which is as dear to
us as our right eye, rather than to be cast into hell-fire? See
the faith and confidence of Saul, and, grounded thereon, his
courage and resolution. See also his activity in this business.
When the Spirit of the Lord comes upon men, it will make them
expert, even without experience. When zeal for the glory of God,
and love for the brethren, urge men to earnest efforts, and when
God is pleased to help, great effects may speedily be produced.
@Verses 12-15
They now honoured Saul whom they had despised; and if an
enemy be made a friend, that is more to our advantage than to
have him slain. The once despised Saviour will at length be
acknowledged by all as the Lord's own anointed king. As yet,
upon his mercy-seat, he receives the submission of rebels, and
even pleads their cause; but shortly, from his righteous
tribunal, he will condemn all who persist in opposing him.
Samuel testifies his integrity. (1-5) Samuel reproves the
people. (6-15) Thunder sent in harvest time. (16-25)
@Verses 1-5
Samuel not only cleared his own character, but set an
example before Saul, while he showed the people their
ingratitude to God and to himself. There is a just debt which
all men to their own good name, especially men in public
stations, which is, to guard it against unjust blame and
suspicions, that they may finish their course with honour, as
well as with joy. And that we have in our places lived honestly,
will be our comfort, under any slights and contempt that may be
put upon us.
@Verses 6-15
The work of ministers is to reason with people; not only
to exhort and direct, but to persuade, to convince men's
judgments, and so to gain their wills and affections. Samuel
reasons of the righteous acts of the Lord. Those who follow God
faithfully, he will enable to continue following him.
Disobedience would certainly be the ruin of Israel. We mistake
if we think that we can escape God's justice, by trying to shake
off his dominion. If we resolve that God shall not rule us, yet
he will judge us.
@Verses 16-25
At Samuel's word, God sent thunder and rain, at a season
of the year when, in that country, the like was not seen. This
was to convince them they had done wickedly in asking a king;
not only by its coming at an unusual time, in wheat harvest, and
on a clear day, but by the prophet's giving notice of it before.
He showed their folly in desiring a king to save them, rather
than God, or Samuel; promising themselves more from an arm of
flesh, than from the arm of God, or from the power of prayer.
Could their prince command such forces as the prophet could do
by his prayers? It startled them very much. Some will not be
brought to see their sins by any gentler methods than storms and
thunders. They entreat Samuel to pray for them. Now they see
their need of him whom shortly before they slighted. Thus many
who will not have Christ to reign over them, would yet be glad
to have him intercede for them, to turn away the wrath of God.
Samuel aims to confirm the people in their religion. Whatever we
make a god of, we shall find it deceive us. Creatures in their
own places are good; but when put in God's place, they are vain
things. We sin if we restrain prayer, and in particular if we
cease praying for the church. They only asked him to pray for
them; but he promises to do more, to teach them. He urges that
they were bound in gratitude to serve God, considering what
great things he had done for them; and that they were bound in
interest to serve him, considering what he would do against
them, if they should still do wickedly. Thus, as a faithful
watchman, he gave them warning, and so delivered his own soul.
If we consider what great things the Lord hath done for us,
especially in the great work of redemption, we can neither want
motive, encouragement, nor assistance in serving him.
The invasion of the Philistines. (1-7) Saul sacrifices, He is
reproved by Samuel. (8-14) The policy of the Philistines.
(15-23)
@Verses 1-7
Saul reigned one year, and nothing particular happened; but
in his second year the events recorded in this chapter took
place. For above a year he gave the Philistine time to prepare
for war, and to weaken and to disarm the Israelites. When men
are lifted up in self-sufficiency, they are often led into
folly. The chief advantages of the enemies of the church are
derived from the misconduct of its professed friends. When Saul
at length sounded an alarm, the people, dissatisfied with his
management, or terrified by the power of the enemy, did not come
to him, or speedily deserted him.
@Verses 8-14
Saul broke the order expressly given by Samuel, see ch.
@1 samuel
Saul offered sacrifice without Samuel, and did it himself,
though he was neither priest nor prophet. When charged with
disobedience, he justified himself in what he had done, and gave
no sign of repentance for it. He would have this act of
disobedience pass for an instance of his prudence, and as a
proof of his piety. Men destitute of inward piety, often lay
great stress on the outward performances of religion. Samuel
charges Saul with being an enemy to himself. Those that disobey
the commandments of God, do foolishly for themselves. Sin is
folly, and the greatest sinners are the greatest fools. Our
disposition to obey or disobey God, will often be proved by our
behaviour in things which appear small. Men see nothing but
Saul's outward act, which seems small; but God saw that he did
this with unbelief and distrust of his providence, with contempt
of his authority and justice, and with rebellion against the
light of his own conscience. Blessed Saviour, may we never, like
Saul, bring our poor offerings, or fancied peace-offerings,
without looking to thy precious, thy all-sufficient sacrifice!
Thou only, O Lord, canst make, or hast made, our peace in the
blood of the cross.
@Verses 15-23
See how politic the Philistines were when they had power;
they not only prevented the people of Israel from making weapons
of war, but obliged them to depend upon their enemies, even for
instruments of husbandry. How impolitic Saul was, who did not,
in the beginning of his reign, set himself to redress this. Want
of true sense always accompanies want of grace. Sins which
appear to us very little, have dangerous consequences. Miserable
is a guilty, defenceless nation; much more those who are
destitute of the whole armour of God.
Jonathan smites the Philistines. (1-15) Their defeat. (16-23)
Saul forbids the people to eat till evening. (24-35) Jonathan
pointed out by lot. (36-46) Saul's family. (47-52)
@Verses 1-15
Saul seems to have been quite at a loss, and unable to
help himself. Those can never think themselves safe who see
themselves out of God's protection. Now he sent for a priest and
the ark. He hopes to make up matters with the Almighty by a
partial reformation, as many do whose hearts are unhumbled and
unchanged. Many love to have ministers who prophesy smooth
things to them. Jonathan felt a Divine impulse and impression,
putting him upon this bold adventure. God will direct the steps
of those that acknowledge him in all their ways, and seek to him
for direction, with full purpose of heart to follow his
guidance. Sometimes we find most comfort in that which is least
our own doing, and into which we have been led by the unexpected
but well-observed turns of Divine providence. There was
trembling in the host. It is called a trembling of God,
signifying, not only a great trembling they could not resist,
nor reason themselves out of, but that it came at once from the
hand of God. He that made the heart, knows how to make it
tremble.
@Verses 16-23
The Philistines were, by the power of God, set against
one another. The more evident it was that God did all, the more
reason Saul had to inquire whether God would give him leave to
do any thing. But he was in such haste to fight a fallen enemy,
that he would not stay to end his devotions, nor hear what
answer God would give him. He that believeth, will not make such
haste, nor reckon any business so urgent, as not to allow time
to take God with him.
@Verses 24-35
Saul's severe order was very unwise; if it gained time,
it lost strength for the pursuit. Such is the nature of our
bodies, that daily work cannot be done without daily bread,
which therefore our Father in heaven graciously gives. Saul was
turning aside from God, and now he begins to build altars, being
then most zealous, as many are, for the form of godliness when
he was denying the power of it.
@Verses 36-46
If God turns away our prayer, we have reason to suspect
it is for some sin harboured in our hearts, which we should find
out, that we may put it away, and put it to death. We should
always first suspect and examine ourselves; but an unhumbled
heart suspects every other person, and looks every where but at
home for the sinful cause of calamity. Jonathan was discovered
to be the offender. Those most indulgent to their own sins are
most severe upon others; those who most disregard God's
authority, are most impatient when their own commands are
slighted. Such as cast abroad curses, endanger themselves and
their families. What do we observe in the whole of Saul's
behaviour on this occasion, but an impetuous, proud, malignant,
impious disposition? And do we not in every instance perceive
that man, left to himself, betrays the depravity of his nature,
and is enslaved to the basest tempers.
@Verses 47-52
Here is a general account of Saul's court and camp. He
had little reason to be proud of his royal dignity, nor had any
of his neighbours cause to envy him, for he had but little
enjoyment after he took the kingdom. And often men's earthly
glory makes a blaze just before the dark night of disgrace and
woe comes on them.
Saul sent to destroy Amalek. (1-9) Saul excuses and commends
himself. (10-23) Saul's imperfect humiliation. (24-31) Agag put
to death, Samuel and Saul part. (32-35)
@Verses 1-9
The sentence of condemnation against the Amalekites had
gone forth long before,
@ 25:19
, but they had been
spared till they filled up the measure of their sins. We are
sure that the righteous Lord does no injustice to any. The
remembering the kindness of the ancestors of the Kenites, in
favour to them, at the time God was punishing the injuries done
by the ancestors of the Amalekites, tended to clear the
righteousness of God in this dispensation. It is dangerous to be
found in the company of God's enemies, and it is our duty and
interest to come out from among them, lest we share in their
sins and plagues,
@revelation 18:4
. As the commandment had been
express, and a test of Saul's obedience, his conduct evidently
was the effect of a proud, rebellious spirit. He destroyed only
the refuse, that was good for little. That which was now
destroyed was sacrificed to the justice of God.
@Verses 10-23
Repentance in God is not a change of mind, as it is in
us, but a change of method. The change was in Saul; "He is
turned back from following me." Hereby he made God his enemy.
Samuel spent a whole night in pleading for Saul. The rejection
of sinners is the grief of believers: God delights not in their
death, nor should we. Saul boasts to Samuel of his obedience.
Thus sinners think, by justifying themselves, to escape being
judged of the Lord. The noise the cattle made, like the rust of
the silver,
@james 5:3
, witnessed against him. Many boast of
obedience to the command of God; but what means then their
indulgence of the flesh, their love of the world, their angry
and unkind spirit, and their neglect of holy duties, which
witness against them? See of what evil covetousness is the root;
and see what is the sinfulness of sin, and notice that in it
which above any thing else makes it evil in the sight of the
Lord; it is disobedience: "Thou didst not obey the voice of the
Lord." Carnal, deceitful hearts, like Saul, think to excuse
themselves from God's commandments by what pleases themselves.
It is hard to convince the children of disobedience. But humble,
sincere, and conscientious obedience to the will of God, is more
pleasing and acceptable to him than all burnt-offering and
sacrifices. God is more glorified and self more denied, by
obedience than by sacrifice. It is much easier to bring a
bullock or lamb to be burned upon the altar, than to bring every
high thought into obedience to God, and to make our will subject
to his will. Those are unfit and unworthy to rule over men, who
are not willing that God should rule over them.
@Verses 24-31
There were several signs of hypocrisy in Saul's
repentance. 1. He besought Samuel only, and seemed most anxious
to stand right in his opinion, and to gain his favour. 2. He
excuses his fault, even when confessing it; that is never the
way of a true penitent. 3. All his care was to save his credit,
and preserve his interest in the people. Men are fickle and
alter their minds, feeble and cannot effect their purposes;
something happens they could not foresee, by which their
measures are broken; but with God it is not so. The Strength of
Israel will not lie.
@Verses 32-35
Many think the bitterness of death is past when it is not
gone by; they put that evil day far from them, which is very
near. Samuel calls Agag to account for his own sins. He followed
the example of his ancestors' cruelty, justly therefore is all
the righteous blood shed by Amalek required. Saul seems
unconcerned at the token of God's displeasure which he lay
under, yet Samuel mourns day and night for him. Jerusalem was
carnally secure while Christ wept over it. Do we desire to do
the whole will of God? Turn to him, not in form and appearance,
but with sincerity.
Samuel sent to Bethlehem to Jesse. (1-5) David is anointed.
(6-13) Saul troubled with an evil spirit, is quieted by David.
(14-23)
@Verses 1-5
It appears that Saul was grown very wicked. Of what would
he not be guilty, who durst think to kill Samuel? The elders of
Bethlehem trembled at Samuel's coming. It becomes us to stand in
awe of God's messengers, and to tremble at his word. His answer
was, I come peaceably, for I come to sacrifice. When our Lord
Jesus came into the world, though men had reason to fear that
his errand was to condemn the world, yet he gave full assurance
that he came peaceably, for he came to sacrifice, and he brought
his offering with him; A body hast thou prepared me. Let us
sanctify ourselves, and depend upon His sacrifice.
@Verses 6-13
It was strange that Samuel, who had been so disappointed
in Saul, whose countenance and stature recommended him, should
judge of another man by that rule. We can tell how men look, but
God can tell what they are. He judges of men by the heart. We
often form a mistaken judgment of characters; but the Lord
values only the faith, fear, and love, which are planted in the
heart, beyond human discernment. And God does not favour our
children according to our fond partiality, but often most
honours and blesses those who have been least regarded. David at
length was pitched upon. He was the youngest of the sons of
Jesse; his name signifies Beloved; he was a type of God's
beloved Son. It should seem, David was least set by of all the
sons of Jesse. But the Spirit of the Lord came upon David from
that day forward. His anointing was not an empty ceremony, a
Divine power went with that instituted sign; he found himself
advanced in wisdom and courage, with all the qualifications of a
prince, though not advanced in his outward circumstances. This
would satisfy him that his election was of God. The best
evidence of our being predestinated to the kingdom of glory, is,
our being sealed with the Spirit of promise, and experience of a
work of grace in our hearts.
@Verses 14-23
Saul is made a terror to himself. The Spirit of the Lord
departed from him. If God and his grace do not rule us, sin and
Satan will have possession of us. The devil, by the Divine
permission, troubled and terrified Saul, by the corrupt humours
of his body, and passions of his mind. He grew fretful, peevish,
and discontented, and at times a madman. It is a pity that
music, which may be serviceable to the good temper of the mind,
should ever be abused, to support vanity and luxury, and made an
occasion of drawing the heart from God and serious things. That
is driving away the good Spirit, not the evil spirit. Music,
diversions, company, or business, have for a time often been
employed to quiet the wounded conscience; but nothing can effect
a real cure but the blood of Christ, applied in faith, and the
sanctifying Spirit sealing the pardon, by his holy comforts. All
other plans to dispel religious melancholy are sure to add to
distress, either in this world or the next.
Goliath's challenge. (1-11) David comes to the camp. (12-30)
David undertakes to fight Goliath. (31-39) and goes to meet him.
(40-47) He kills Goliath. (48-58)
@Verses 1-11
Men so entirely depend upon God in all things, that when
he withdraws his help, the most valiant and resolute cannot find
their hearts or hands, as daily experience shows.
@Verses 12-30
Jesse little thought of sending his son to the army at
that critical juncture; but the wise God orders actions and
affairs, so as to serve his designs. In times of general
formality and lukewarmness, every degree of zeal which implies
readiness to go further, or to venture more in the cause of God
than others, will be blamed as pride and ambition, and by none
more than by near relations, like Eliab, or negligent superiors.
It was a trial of David's meekness, patience, and constancy. He
had right and reason on his side, and did not render railing for
railing; with a soft answer he turned away his brother's wrath.
This conquest of his own passion was more honourable than that
of Goliath. Those who undertake great and public services, must
not think it strange if they are spoken ill of, and opposed by
those from whom they expect support and assistance. They must
humbly go on with their work, in the face not only of enemies'
threats, but of friends' slights and suspicions.
@Verses 31-39
A shepherd lad, come the same morning from keeping sheep,
had more courage than all the mighty men of Israel. Thus God
often sends good words to his Israel, and does great things for
them, by the weak and foolish things of the world. As he had
answered his brother's passion with meekness, so David answered
Saul's fear with faith. When David kept sheep, he proved himself
very careful and tender of his flock. This reminds us of Christ,
the good Shepherd, who not only ventured, but laid down his life
for the sheep. Our experience ought to encourage us to trust in
God, and be bold in the way of duty. He that has delivered, does
and will continue to do so. David gained leave to fight the
Philistine. Not being used to such armour as Saul put upon him,
he was not satisfied to go in that manner; this was from the
Lord, that it might more plainly appear he fought and conquered
in faith, and that the victory was from Him who works by the
feeblest and most despised means and instruments. It is not to
be inquired how excellent any thing is, but how proper. Let
Saul's coat be ever so rich, and his armour ever so strong, what
is David the better if they fit him not? But faith, prayer,
truth, and righteousness; the whole armour of God, and the mind
that was in Christ; are equally needful for all the servants of
the Lord, whatever may be their work.
@Verses 40-47
The security and presumption of fools destroy them.
Nothing can excel the humility, faith, and piety which appear in
David's words. He expressed his assured expectation of success;
he gloried in his mean appearance and arms, that the victory
might be ascribed to the Lord alone.
@Verses 48-58
See how frail and uncertain life is, even when a man
thinks himself best fortified; how quickly, how easily, and by
how small a matter, the passage may be opened for life to go
out, and death to enter! Let not the strong man glory in his
strength, nor the armed man in his armour. God resists the
proud, and pours contempt on those who defy him and his people.
No one ever hardened his heart against God and prospered. The
history is recorded, that all may exert themselves for the
honour of God, and the support of his cause, with bold and
unshaken reliance on him. There is one conflict in which all the
followers of the Lamb are, and must be engaged; one enemy, more
formidable than Goliath, still challenges the armies of Israel.
But "resist the devil, and he will flee from you." Go forth to
battle with the faith of David, and the powers of darkness shall
not stand against you. But how often is the Christian foiled
through an evil heart of unbelief!
Jonathan's friendship for David. (1-5) Saul seeks to kill
David. (6-11) Saul's fear of David. (12-30)
@Verses 1-5
The friendship of David and Jonathan was the effect of
Divine grace, which produces in true believers one heart and one
soul, and causes them to love each other. This union of souls is
from partaking in the Spirit of Christ. Where God unites hearts,
carnal matters are too weak to separate them. Those who love
Christ as their own souls, will be willing to join themselves to
him in an everlasting covenant. It was certainly a great proof
of the power of God's grace in David, that he was able to bear
all this respect and honour, without being lifted up above
measure.
@Verses 6-11
David's troubles not only immediately follow his triumphs,
but arise from them; such is the vanity of that which seems
greatest in this world. It is a sign that the Spirit of God is
departed from men, if, like Saul, they are peevish, envious,
suspicious, and ill-natured. Compare David, with his harp in his
hand, aiming to serve Saul, and Saul, with his javelin in his
hand, aiming to slay David; and observe the sweetness and
usefulness of God's persecuted people, and the barbarity of
their persecutors. But David's safety must be ascribed to God's
providence.
@Verses 12-30
For a long time David was kept in continual apprehension
of falling by the hand of Saul, yet he persevered in meek and
respectful behaviour towards his persecutor. How uncommon is
such prudence and discretion, especially under insults and
provocations! Let us inquire if we imitate this part of the
exemplary character before us. Are we behaving wisely in all our
ways? Is there no sinful omission, no rashness of spirit,
nothing wrong in our conduct? Opposition and perverseness in
others, will not excuse wrong tempers in us, but should increase
our care, and attention to the duties of our station. Consider
Him that endured contradiction of sinners against himself, lest
ye be weary and faint in your minds,
@hebrews 12:3
. If David
magnified the honour of being son-in-law to king Saul, how
should we magnify the honour of being sons to the King of kings!
Jonathan reconciles his father to David, Saul again tries to
slay him. (1-10) David flees to Samuel. (11-24)
@Verses 1-10
How forcible are right words! Saul was, for a time,
convinced of the unreasonableness of his enmity to David; but he
continued his malice against David. So incurable is the hatred
of the seed of the serpent against that of the woman; so
deceitful and desperately wicked is the heart of man without the
grace of God,
@jeremiah 17:9
.
@Verses 11-24
Michal's stratagem to gain time till David got to a
distance was allowable, but her falsehood had not even the plea
of necessity to excuse it, and manifests that she was not
influenced by the same spirit of piety which had dictated
Jonathan's language to Saul. In flying to Samuel, David made God
his refuge. Samuel, as a prophet, was best able to advise him
what to do in this day of distress. He met with little rest or
satisfaction in Saul's court, therefore went to seek it in
Samuel's church. What little pleasure is to be had in this
world, those have who live a life of communion with God; to that
David returned in the time of trouble. So impatient was Saul
after David's blood, so restless against him, that although
baffled by one providence after another, he could not see that
David was under the special protection of God. And when God will
take this way to protect David, even Saul prophesies. Many have
great gifts, yet no grace; they may prophesy in Christ's name,
yet are disowned by him. Let us daily seek for renewing grace,
which shall be in us as a well of water springing up into
everlasting life. Let us cleave to truth and holiness with full
purpose of heart. In every danger and trouble, let us seek
protection, comfort, and direction in God's ordinances.
David consults Jonathan. (1-10) Jonathan's covenant with
David. (11-23) Saul, missing David, seeks to kill Jonathan.
(24-34) Jonathan takes leave of David. (35-42)
@Verses 1-10
The trials David met with, prepared him for future
advancement. Thus the Lord deals with those whom he prepares
unto glory. He does not put them into immediate possession of
the kingdom, but leads them to it through much tribulation,
which he makes the means of fitting them for it. Let them not
murmur at his gracious appointment, nor distrust his care; but
let them look forward with joyful expectation to the crown which
is laid up for them. Sometimes it appears to us that there is
but a step between us and death; at all times it may be so, and
we should prepare for the event. But though dangers appear most
threatening, we cannot die till the purpose of God concerning us
is accomplished; nor till we have served our generation
according to his will, if we are believers. Jonathan generously
offers David his services. This is true friendship. Thus Christ
testifies his love to us, Ask, and it shall be done for you; and
we must testify our love to him, by keeping his commandments.
@Verses 11-23
Jonathan faithfully promises that he would let David know
how he found his father affected towards him. It will be
kindness to ourselves and to ours, to secure an interest in
those whom God favours, and to make his friends ours. True
friendship rests on a firm basis, and is able to silence
ambition, self-love, and undue regard for others. But who can
fully understand the love of Jesus, who gave himself as a
sacrifice for rebellious, polluted sinners! how great then ought
to be the force and effects of our love to him, to his cause,
and his people!
@Verses 24-34
None were more constant than David in attending holy
duties; nor had he been absent, but self-preservation obliged
him to withdraw. In great peril present opportunities for Divine
ordinances may be waved. But it is bad for us, except in case of
necessity, to omit any opportunity of statedly attending on
them. Jonathan did wisely and well for himself and family, to
secure an interest in David, yet for this he is blamed. It is
good to take God's people for our people. It will prove to our
advantage at last, however it may now be thought against our
interest. Saul was outrageous. What savage beasts, and worse,
does anger make men!
@Verses 35-42
The separation of two such faithful friends was grievous
to both, but David's case was the more deplorable, for David was
leaving all his comforts, even those of God's sanctuary.
Christians need not sorrow, as men without hope; but being one
with Christ, they are one with each other, and will meet in his
presence ere long, to part no more; to meet where all tears
shall be wiped from their eyes.
David with Ahimelech. (1-9) David at Gath feigns himself mad.
(10-15)
@Verses 1-9
David, in distress, fled to the tabernacle of God. It is
great comfort in a day of trouble, that we have a God to go to,
to whom we may open our cases, and from whom we may ask and
expect direction. David told Ahimelech a gross untruth. What
shall we say to this? The Scripture does not conceal it, and we
dare not justify it; it was ill done, and proved of bad
consequence; for it occasioned the death of the priests of the
Lord. David thought upon it afterward with regret. David had
great faith and courage, yet both failed him; he fell thus
foully through fear and cowardice, and owing to the weakness of
his faith. Had he trusted God aright, he would not have used
such a sorry, sinful shift for his own preservation. It is
written, not for us to do the like, no, not in the greatest
straits, but for our warning. David asked of Ahimelech bread and
a sword. Ahimelech supposed they might eat the shew-bread. The
Son of David taught from it, that mercy is to be preferred to
sacrifice; that ritual observances must give way to moral
duties. Doeg set his foot as far within the tabernacle as David
did. We little know with what hearts people come to the house of
God, nor what use they will make of pretended devotion. If many
come in simplicity of heart to serve their God, others come to
observe their teachers and to prove accusers. Only God and the
event can distinguish between a David and a Doeg, when both are
in the tabernacle.
@Verses 10-15
God's persecuted people have often found better usage
from Philistines than from Israelites. David had reason to put
confidence in Achish, yet he began to be afraid. His conduct was
degrading, and discovered wavering in his faith and courage. The
more simply we depend on God, and obey him, the more comfortably
and surely we shall walk through this troublesome world.
David at Adullam, Many resort to him. (1-5) Saul destroys the
priests of Nob. (6-19) Abiathar escapes to David. (20-23)
@Verses 1-5
See what weak instruments God sometimes uses, to bring
about his own purposes. The Son of David is ready to receive
distressed souls, who will be commanded by him. He receives all
who come unto Him, however vile and miserable; he changes them
into a holy people, and employs them in his service: those who
would reign with him must be contented first to suffer with and
for him. Observe with what tender concern David provided for his
aged parents. The first thing he does is to find them a quiet
habitation, whatever became of himself. Let children learn to
honour their parents, in every thing consulting their ease and
satisfaction. Though highly preferred, and much employed, let
them not forget their aged parents. The steps of a good man are
ordered by the Lord. And the Lord will preserve his people for
their appointed work, however they may be hated and exposed.
@Verses 6-19
See the nature of jealous malice and its pitiful arts.
Saul looks upon all about him as his enemies, because they do
not just say as he says. In Ahimelech's answer to Saul we have
the language of conscious innocence. But what wickedness will
not the evil spirit hurry men to when he gets the dominion! Saul
alleges that which was utterly false and unproved. But the most
bloody tyrants have found instruments of their cruelty as
barbarous as themselves. Doeg, having murdered the priests, went
to the city, Nob, and put all to the sword there. Nothing so
vile but those may do it, who have provoked God to give them up
to their hearts' lusts. Yet this was the accomplishment of the
threatenings against the house of Eli. Though Saul was
unrighteous in doing this, yet God was righteous in permitting
it. No word of God shall fall to the ground.
@Verses 20-23
David greatly lamented the calamity. It is great trouble
to a good man to find himself any way the cause of evil to
others. He must have been much pained, when he considered that
his falsehood was one cause of this fatal event. David speaks
with assurance of his own safety, and promises that Abiathar
should have his protection. With the Son of David, all who are
his may be sure they shall be in safeguard,
@psalms 91:1
. In the
hurry and distraction David was continually in, he found time
for communion with God, and found comfort in it.
David rescues Keilah. (1-6) God warns him to escape from
Keilah. (7-13) Jonathan comforts David. (14-18) He is rescued
from Saul by an invasion of the Philistines. (19-29)
@Verses 1-6
When princes persecute God's people, let them expect
vexation on all sides. The way for any country to be quiet, is
to let God's church be quiet in it: if Saul fight against David,
the Philistines fight against his country. David considered
himself the protector of the land. Thus did the Saviour Jesus,
and left us an example. Those are unlike David, who sullenly
decline to do good, if they are not rewarded for services.
@Verses 7-13
Well might David complain of his enemies, that they
rewarded him evil for good, and that for his love they were his
adversaries. Christ was used thus basely. David applied to his
great Protector for direction. No sooner was the ephod brought
him than he made use of it. We have the Scriptures in our hands,
let us take advice from them in doubtful cases. Say, Bring
hither the Bible. David's address to God is very solemn, also
very particular. God allows us to be so in our addresses to him;
Lord, direct me in this matter, about which I am now at a loss.
God knows not only what will be, but what would be, if it were
not hindered; therefore he knows how to deliver the godly out of
temptation, and how to render to every man according to his
works.
@Verses 14-18
David made no attempt against Saul; he kept God's way,
waited God's time, and was content to secure himself in woods
and wildernesses. Let it make us think the worse of this world,
which often gives such bad treatment to its best men: let it
make us long for that kingdom where goodness shall for ever be
in glory, and holiness in honour. We find Jonathan comforting
David. As a pious friend, he directed him to God, the Foundation
of his comfort. As a self-denying friend, he takes pleasure in
the prospect of David's advancement to the throne. As a constant
friend, he renewed his friendship with him. Our covenant with
God should be often renewed, and therein our communion with him
kept up. If the converse of one friend, at one meeting, gives
comfort and strengthens our hearts, what may not be expected
from the continual supports and powerful love of the Saviour of
sinners, the covenanted Friend of believers!
@Verses 19-29
In the midst of his wickedness, Saul affected to speak
the language of piety. Such expressions, without suitable
effects, can only amuse or deceive those who hear, and those who
use them. This mountain was an emblem of the Divine Providence
coming between David and the destroyer. Let us not be dismayed
at the prospect of future difficulties, but stay ourselves upon
Him who is wonderful in counsel and excellent in working. Sooner
than his promise shall fail, he will commission Philistines to
effect our escape, at the very moment when our case appears most
desperate. God requires entire dependence on him, If ye will not
believe, surely ye shall not be established,
@isaiah 7:9
.
David spares Saul's life. (1-7) David shows his innocence.
(8-15) Saul acknowledges his fault. (16-22)
@Verses 1-7
God delivered Saul into David's hand. It was an opportunity
given to David to exercise faith and patience. He had a promise
of the kingdom, but no command to slay the king. He reasons
strongly, both with himself and with his men, against doing Saul
any hurt. Sin is a thing which it becomes us to startle at, and
to resist temptations thereto. He not only would not do this bad
thing himself, but he would not suffer those about him to do it.
Thus he rendered good for evil, to him from whom he received
evil for good; and was herein an example to all who are called
Christians, not to be overcome of evil, but to overcome evil
with good.
@Verses 8-15
David was falsely charged with seeking Saul's hurt; he
shows Saul that God's providence had given him opportunity to do
it. And it was upon a good principle that he refused to do it.
He declares his fixed resolution never to be his own avenger. If
men wrong us, God will right us, at farthest, in the judgment of
the great day.
@Verses 16-22
Saul speaks as quite overcome with David's kindness. Many
mourn for their sins, who do not truly repent of them; weep
bitterly for them, yet continue in love and in league with them.
Now God made good to David that word on which he had caused him
to hope, that he would bring forth his righteousness as the
light,
@psalms 37:6
. Those who take care to keep a good conscience,
may leave it to God to secure them the credit of it. Sooner or
later, God will force even those who are of the synagogue of
Satan to know and to own those whom he has loved. They parted in
peace. Saul went home convinced, but not converted; ashamed of
his envy to David, yet retaining in his breast that root of
bitterness; vexed that when at last he had found David, he could
not find in his heart to destroy him, as he had designed. Malice
often seems dead when it is only asleep, and will revive with
double force. Yet, whether the Lord bind men's hands, or affect
their hearts, so that they do not hurt us, the deliverance is
equally from him; it is an evidence of his love, and an earnest
of our salvation, and should make us thankful.
Death of Samuel. (1) David's request; Nabal's churlish
refusal. (2-11) David's intention to destroy Nabal. (12-17)
Abigail takes a present to David. (18-31) He is pacified, Nabal
dies. (32-39) David takes Abigail to wife. (39-44)
@Verse
All Israel lamented Samuel, and they had reason. He prayed
daily for them. Those have hard hearts, who can bury faithful
ministers without grief; who do not feel their loss of those who
have prayed for them, and taught them the way of the Lord.
@Verses 2-11
We should not have heard of Nabal, if nothing had passed
between him and David. Observe his name, Nabal, "A fool;" so it
signifies. Riches make men look great in the eye of the world;
but to one that takes right views, Nabal looked very mean. He
had no honour or honesty; he was churlish, cross, and
ill-humoured; evil in his doings, hard and oppressive; a man
that cared not what fraud and violence he used in getting and
saving. What little reason have we to value the wealth of this
world, when so great a churl as Nabal abounds, and so good a man
as David suffers want!, David pleaded the kindness Nabal's
shepherds had received. Considering that David's men were in
distress and debt, and discontented, and the scarcity of
provisions, it was by good management that they were kept from
plundering. Nabal went into a passion, as covetous men are apt
to do, when asked for any thing, thinking thus to cover one sin
with another; and, by abusing the poor, to excuse themselves
from relieving them. But God will not thus be mocked. Let this
help us to bear reproaches and misrepresentations with patience
and cheerfulness, and make us easy under them; it has often been
the lot of the excellent ones of the earth. Nabal insists much
on the property he had in the provisions of his table. May he
not do what he will with his own? We mistake, if we think we are
absolute lords of what we have, and may do what we please with
it. No; we are but stewards, and must use it as we are directed,
remembering it is not our own, but His who intrusted us with it.
@Verses 12-17
God is kind to the evil and unthankful, and why may not
we be so? David determined to destroy Nabal, and all that
belonged to him. Is this thy voice, O David? Has he been so long
in the school of affliction, where he should have learned
patience, and yet is so passionate? He at other times was calm
and considerate, but is put into such a heat by a few hard
words, that he seeks to destroy a whole family. What are the
best of men, when God leaves them to themselves, that they may
know what is in their hearts? What need to pray, Lord, lead us
not into temptation!
@Verses 18-31
By a present Abigail atoned for Nabal's denial of David's
request. Her behaviour was very submissive. Yielding pacifies
great offences. She puts herself in the place of a penitent, and
of a petitioner. She could not excuse her husband's conduct. She
depends not upon her own reasonings, but on God's grace, to
soften David, and expects that grace would work powerfully. She
says that it was below him to take vengeance on so weak and
despicable an enemy as Nabal, who, as he would do him no
kindness, so he could do him no hurt. She foretells the glorious
end of David's present troubles. God will preserve thy life;
therefore it becomes not thee unjustly and unnecessarily to take
away the lives of any, especially of the people of thy God and
Saviour. Abigail keeps this argument for the last, as very
powerful with so good a man; that the less he indulged his
passion, the more he consulted his peace and the repose of his
own conscience. Many have done that in a heat, which they have a
thousand times wished undone again. The sweetness of revenge is
soon turned into bitterness. When tempted to sin, we should
consider how it will appear when we think upon it afterwards.
@Verses 32-39
David gives God thanks for sending him this happy check
in a sinful way. Whoever meet us with counsel, direction,
comfort, caution, or seasonable reproof, we must see God sending
them. We ought to be very thankful for those happy providences
which are the means of keeping us from sinning. Most people
think it enough, if they take reproof patiently; but few will
take it thankfully, and commend those who give it, and accept it
as a favour. The nearer we are to committing sin, the greater is
the mercy of a seasonable restraint. Sinners are often most
secure when most in danger. He was very drunk. A sign he was
Nabal, a fool, that could not use plenty without abusing it; who
could not be pleasant with his friends without making a beast of
himself. There is not a surer sign that a man has but little
wisdom, nor a surer way to destroy the little he has, than
drinking to excess. Next morning, how he is changed! His heart
overnight merry with wine, next morning heavy as a stone; so
deceitful are carnal pleasures, so soon passes the laughter of
the fool; the end of that mirth is heaviness. Drunkards are sad,
when they reflect upon their own folly. About ten days after,
the Lord smote Nabal, that he died. David blessed God that he
had been kept from killing Nabal. Worldly sorrow, mortified
pride, and an affrighted conscience, sometimes end the joys of
the sensualist, and separate the covetous man from his wealth;
but, whatever the weapon, the Lord smites men with death when it
pleases him.
@Verses 39-44
Abigail believed that David would be king over Israel,
and greatly esteemed his pious and excellent character. She
deemed his proposal of marriage honourable, and advantageous to
her, notwithstanding his present difficulties. With great
humility, and doubtless agreeably to the customs of those times,
she consented, being willing to share his trails. Thus those who
join themselves to Christ, must be willing now to suffer with
him, believing that hereafter they shall reign with him.
Saul goes after David, who again spares Saul's life. (1-12)
David exhorts Saul. (13-20) Saul acknowledges his sin. (21-25)
@Verses 1-12
How soon do unholy hearts lose the good impressions
convictions have made upon them! How helpless were Saul and all
his men! All as though disarmed and chained, yet nothing is done
to them; they are only asleep. How easily can God weaken the
strongest, befool the wisest, and baffle the most watchful!
David still resolved to wait till God thought fit to avenge him
on Saul. He will by no means force his way to the promised crown
by any wrong methods. The temptation was very strong; but if he
yielded, he would sin against God, therefore he resisted the
temptation, and trusted God with the event.
@Verses 13-20
David reasoned seriously and affectionately with Saul.
Those who forbid our attendance on God's ordinances, do what
they can to estrange us from God, and to make us heathens. We
are to reckon that which exposes us to sin the greatest injury
that can be done us. If the Lord stirred thee up against me,
either in displeasure to me, taking this way to punish me for my
sins against him, or in displeasure to thee, if it be the effect
of that evil spirit from the Lord which troubles thee; let Him
accept an offering from us both. Let us join in seeking peace,
and to be reconciled with God by sacrifice.
@Verses 21-25
Saul repeated his good words and good wishes. But he
showed no evidence of true repentance towards God. David and
Saul parted to meet no more. No reconciliation among men is
firm, which is not founded in an cemented by peace with God
through Jesus Christ. In sinning against God, men play the fool,
and err exceedingly. Many obtain a passing view of these truths,
who hate and close their eyes against the light. Fair
professions do not entitle those to confidence who have long
sinned against the light, yet the confessions of obstinate
sinners may satisfy us that we are in the right way, and
encourage us to persevere, expecting our recompence from the
Lord alone.
David retires to Gath. (1-7) David deceives Achish. (8-12)
@Verses 1-7
Unbelief is a sin that easily besets even good men, when
without are fightings, and within are fears; and it is a hard
matter to get over them. Lord, increase our faith! We may blush
to think that the word of a Philistine should go further than
the word of an Israelite, and that the city of Gath should be a
place of refuge for a good man, when the cities of Israel refuse
him a safe abode. David gained a comfortable settlement, not
only at a distance from Gath, but bordering upon Israel, where
he might keep up a correspondence with his own countrymen.
@Verses 8-12
While David was in the land of the Philistines, he
attacked some remains of the devoted nations. The people whom he
cut off were long before doomed to destruction. It is often
wisdom to shun public notice, but we must in no situation be
idle. We must always try to do somewhat in the cause of God.
This expedition David hid from Achish. But an equivocation which
serves the purpose of a lie, is as like to it as a hypocrite is
to a profane person, it is only better in appearance, therefore
more dangerous. Yet, though believers often manifest
imperfections, they can never be prevailed upon to renounce the
service of God, and to unite interests with his enemies, or
finally to become the servants of sin and Satan. But what a
train of evils follow from unbelief! When we forget the Lord's
past mercies, and his gracious assurances, we shall be
overwhelmed with desponding fears, and probably be led to adopt
some dishonourable method to get rid of our troubles. Nothing
can so effectually establish us in holy tempers and practices,
and preserve us from perplexities, as firm, unshaken dependence
upon the promises of God in Christ Jesus.
Achish puts confidence in David, Saul's fear. (1-6) Saul
consults a witch at Endor. (7-19) Saul's terror. (20-25)
@Verses 1-6
David could not refuse Achish without danger. If he
promised assistance, and then stood neuter, or went over to the
Israelites, he would behave with ingratitude and treachery. If
he fought against Israel, he would sin greatly. It seemed
impossible that he should get out of this difficulty with a
clear conscience; but his evasive answer, intended to gain time,
was not consistent with the character of an Israelite indeed.
Troubles are terrors to the children of disobedience. In his
distress, Saul inquired of the Lord. He did not seek in faith,
but with a double, unstable mind. Saul had put the law in force
against those that had familiar spirits,
@exodus 22:18
. Many seem
zealous against, sin, when they are any way hurt by it, who have
no concern for the glory of God, nor any dislike of sin as sin.
Many seem enemies to sin in others, while they indulge it in
themselves. Saul will drive the devil out of his kingdom, yet
harbours him in his heart by envy and malice. How foolish to
consult those whom, according to God's law, he had endeavoured
to root out!
@Verses 7-19
When we go from the plain path of duty, every thing draws
us further aside, and increases our perplexity and temptation.
Saul desires the woman to bring one from the dead, with whom he
wished to speak; this was expressly forbidden,
@deuteronomy 18:11
. All
real or pretended witchcraft or conjuration, is a malicious or
an ignorant attempt to gain knowledge or help from some
creature, when it cannot be had from the Lord in the path of
duty. While Samuel was living, we never read of Saul's going to
advise with him in any difficulties; it had been well for him if
he had. But now he is dead, "Bring me up Samuel." Many who
despise and persecute God's saints and ministers when living,
would be glad to have them again, when they are gone. The whole
shows that it was no human fraud or trick. Though the woman
could not cause Samuel's being sent, yet Saul's inquiry might be
the occasion of it. The woman's surprise and terror proved that
it was an unusual and unexpected appearance. Saul had despised
Samuel's solemn warnings in his lifetime, yet now that he hoped,
as in defiance of God, to obtain some counsel and encouragement
from him, might not God permit the soul of his departed prophet
to appear to Saul, to confirm his former sentence, and denounce
his doom? The expression, "Thou and thy sons shall be with me,"
means no more than that they shall be in the eternal world.
There appears much solemnity in God's permitting the soul of a
departed prophet to come as a witness from heaven, to confirm
the word he had spoken on earth.
@Verses 20-25
Those that expect any good counsel or comfort, otherwise
than from God, and in the way of his institutions, will be as
wretchedly disappointed as Saul. Though terrified even to
despair, he was not humbled. He confessed not his sins, offered
no sacrifices, and presented no supplications. He does not seem
to have cared about his sons or his people, or to have attempted
any escape; but in sullen despair he rushed upon his doom. God
sets up a few such beacons, to warn men not to stifle
convictions, or despise his word. But while one repenting
thought remains, let no sinner suppose himself in this case. Let
him humble himself before God, determined to live and die
beseeching his favour, and he will succeed.
David objected to by the Philistines. (1-5) He is dismissed by
Achish. (6-11)
@Verses 1-5
David waited with a secret hope that the Lord would help
him out of his difficulty. But he seems to have been influenced
too much by the fear of man, in consenting to attend Achish. It
is hard to come near to the brink of sin, and not to fall in.
God inclined the princes of the Philistines to oppose David's
being employed in the battle. Thus their dislike befriended him,
when no friend could do him such a kindness.
@Verses 6-11
David scarcely ever had a greater deliverance than when
dismissed from such insnaring service. God's people should
always behave themselves so, as, if possible, to get the good
word of all they have dealings with: and it is due to those who
have acted well, to speak well of them.
Ziklag spoiled by the Amalekites. (1-6) David overtakes the
Amalekites. (7-15) He recovers what had been lost. (16-20)
David's distribution of the spoil. (21-31)
@Verses 1-6
When we go abroad in the way of our duty, we may
comfortably hope that God will take care of our families in our
absence, but not otherwise. If, when we come off a journey, we
find our abode in peace, and not laid waste, as David here found
his, let the Lord be praised for it. David's men murmured
against him. Great faith must expect such severe trials. But,
observe, that David was brought thus low, only just before he
was raised to the throne. When things are at the worst with the
church and people of God, then they begin to mend. David
encouraged himself in the Lord his God. His men fretted at their
loss, the soul of the people was bitter; their own discontent
and impatience added to the affliction and misery. But David
bore it better, though he had more reason than any of them to
lament it. They gave liberty to their passions, but he set his
graces to work; and while they dispirited each other, he, by
encouraging himself in God, kept his spirit calm. Those who have
taken the Lord for their God, may take encouragement from him in
the worst times.
@Verses 7-15
If in all our ways, even when, as in this case, there can
be no doubt they are just, we acknowledge God, we may expect
that he will direct our steps, as he did those of David. David,
in tenderness to his men, would by no means urge them beyond
their strength. The Son of David thus considers the frames of
his followers, who are not all alike strong and vigorous in
their spiritual pursuits and conflicts; but, where we are weak,
@2 corinthians
poor Egyptian lad, scarcely alive, is made the means of a great
deal of good to David. Justly did Providence make this poor
servant, who was basely used by his master, an instrument in the
destruction of the Amalekites; for God hears the cry of the
oppressed. Those are unworthy the name of true Israelites, who
shut up their compassion from persons in distress. We should
neither do an injury nor deny a kindness to any man; some time
or other it may be in the power of the lowest to return a
kindness or an injury.
@Verses 16-20
Sinners are nearest to ruin, when they cry, Peace and
safety, and put the evil day far from them. Nor does any thing
give our spiritual enemies more advantage than sensuality and
indulgence. Eating and drinking, and dancing, have been the soft
and pleasant way in which many have gone down to the
congregation of the dead. The spoil was recovered, and brought
off; nothing was lost, but a great deal gained.
@Verses 21-31
What God gives us, he designs we should do good with. In
distributing the spoil, David was just and kind. Those are men
of Belial indeed, who delight in putting hardships upon their
brethren, and care not who is starved, so that they may be fed
to the full. David was generous and kind to all his friends.
Those who consider the Lord as the Giver of their abundance,
will dispose of it with fairness and liberality.
Saul's defeat and death. (1-7) Saul's body rescued by the men
of Jabesh-gilead. (8-13)
@Verses 1-7
We cannot judge of the spiritual or eternal state of any by
the manner of their death; for in that, there is one event to
the righteous and to the wicked. Saul, when sorely wounded, and
unable to resist or to flee, expressed no concern about his
never-dying soul; but only desired that the Philistines might
not insult over him, or put him to pain, and he became his own
murderer. As it is the grand deceit of the devil, to persuade
sinners, under great difficulties, to fly to this last act of
desperation, it is well to fortify the mind against it, by a
serious consideration of its sinfulness before God, and its
miserable consequences in society. But our security is not in
ourselves. Let us seek protection from Him who keepeth Israel.
Let us watch and pray; and take unto us the whole armour of God,
that we may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having
done all, to stand.
@Verses 8-13
The Scripture makes no mention what became of the souls of
Saul and his sons, after they were dead; but of their bodies
only: secret things belong not to us. It is of little
consequence by what means we die, or what is done with our dead
bodies. If our souls are saved, our bodies will be raised
incorruptible and glorious; but not to fear His wrath, who is
able to destroy both body and soul in hell, is the extreme of
folly and wickedness. How useless is the respect of
fellow-creatures to those who are suffering the wrath of God!
While pompous funerals, grand monuments, and he praises of men,
honour the memory of the deceased, the soul may be suffering in
the regions of darkness and despair! Let us seek that honour
which cometh from God only.
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
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