SECTION III.
Love is the greatest thing that God can
give us; for himself is love; and it is the greatest thing we can give to God;
for it will also give ourselves and carry with it all that is ours. The apostle
calls it the band of perfection; it is the old, and it is the new, and it is
the great commandment, and it is all the commandments; for it is the fulfilling
of the law. It does the work of all other graces without any instrument but its
own immediate virtue. For as the love to sin makes a man sin against all his
own reason, and all the discourses of wisdom, and all the advices of his
friends, and without temptation, and without opportunity, so does the love of
God; it makes a man chaste without the laborious arts of fasting and exterior
disciplines, temperate in the midst of feasts, and is active enough to choose
it without any intermedial appetites, and reaches at glory through the very
heart of grace without any other arms but those of love. It is a grace that
loves God for himself, and our neighbours for God. The consideration of God's
goodness and bounty, the experience of those profitable and excellent
emanations from him, may be, and most commonly are, the first motive of our
love; but when we are once entered, and have tasted the goodness of God, we
love the spring for its own excellency, passing from passion to reason, from
thanking to adoring, from sense to spirit, from considering ourselves to an
union with God: and this is the image and little representation of heaven; it
is beatitude in picture, or rather the infancy and beginnings of glory.
We need no incentives by way of special
enumeration to move us to the love of God, for we cannot love anything for any
reason real or imaginary, but that excellence is infinitely more eminent in
God. There can but two things create love - perfection and usefulness: to which
answer on our part, 1. Admiration; and 2. Desire; and both these are centered
in love. For the entertainment of the first, there is in God an infinite
nature, immensity or vastness without extension or limit, immutability,
eternity, omnipotence, omniscience, holiness, dominion, providence, bounty,
mercy, justice, perfection in himself, and the end to which all things and all
actions must be directed, and will, at last, arrive. The consideration of which
may be heightened, if we consider our distance from all these glories, our
smallness and limited nature, our nothing, our inconstancy, our age like a
span, our weakness and ignorance, our poverty, our inadvertency and
inconsideration, our disabilities and disaffections to do good, our harsh
natures and unmerciful inclinations, our universal iniquity, and our
necessities and dependencies, not only on God originally and essentially, but
even our need of the meanest of God's creatures, and our being obnoxious to the
weakest and most contemptible. But for the entertainment of the second, we may
consider that in him is a torrent of pleasure for the voluptuous; he is the
fountain of honour for the ambitious; an inexhaustible treasure for the
covetous. Our vices are in love with fantastic pleasures and images of
perfection, which are truly and really to be found nowhere but in God. And
therefore our virtues have such proper objects that it is but reasonable they
should all turn into love; for certain it is that this love will turn all into
virtue. For in the scrutinies for righteousness and judgment, when it is
inquired whether such a person be a good man or no, the meaning is not, What
does he believe? or what does he hope? but what he loves.[204]
1. Love does all things which may please the
beloved person; it performs all his commandments: and this is one of the
greatest instances and arguments of our love that God requires of us - this is
love, `That we keep his commandments.' Love is obedient.
2. It does all the intimations and secret
significations of his pleasure whom we love; and this is an argument of a great
degree of it. The first instance is, it makes the love accepted; but this gives
a greatness and singularity to it. The first is the least, and less than it
cannot do our duty; but without this second we cannot come to perfection. Great
love is also pliant and inquisitive in the instances of its expression.
3. Love gives away all things, that so he may
advance the interest of the beloved person: it relieves all that he would have
relieved, and spends itself in such real significations as it is enabled
withal. He never loved God that will quit anything of his religion to save his
money. Love is always liberal and communicative.
4. It suffers all things that are imposed by its
beloved, or that can happen for his sake, or that intervene in his service,
cheerfully, sweetly, willingly expecting that God should turn them into good,
and instruments of felicity. `Charity hopeth all things, endureth all
things.'[205] Love is patient and content
with anything, so it be together with its beloved.
5. Love is also impatient of anything that may
displease the beloved person, hating all sin as the enemy of its friend; for
love contracts all the same relations, and marries the same friendships and the
same hatreds; and all affection to a sin is perfectly inconsistent with the
love of God. Love is not divided between God and God's enemy: we must love God
with all our heart; that is, give him a whole and undivided affection, having
love for nothing else but such things which he allows, and which he commands or
loves himself.
6. Love endeavours for ever to be present, to
converse with, to enjoy, to be united with its object; loves to be talking of
him, reciting his praises, telling his stories, repeating his words, imitating
his gestures, transcribing his copy in everything; and every degree of love;
and it can endure anything but the displeasure and the absence of its beloved.
For we are not to use God and religion as men use perfumes, with which they are
delighted when they have them, but can very well be without them. True charity
is restless till it enjoys God in such instances in which it wants him; it is
like hunger and thirst, it must be fed, or it cannot be answered:[206] and nothing can supply the presence, or
make recompense for the absence of God, or of the effects of his favour and the
light of his countenance.
7. True love in all accidents looks upon the
beloved person, and observes his countenance, and how he approves or
disapproves, and accordingly looks sad or cheerful. He that loves God is not
displeased at those accidents which God chooses, nor murmurs at those changes
which he makes in his family, nor envies at those gifts he bestows; but chooses
as he likes; and is ruled by his judgment, and is perfectly of his persuasion,
loving to learn where God is the teacher, and being content to be ignorant or
silent where he is not pleased to open himself.
8. Love is curious of little things, of
circumstances and measures, and little accidents, not allowing to itself any
infirmity which it strives not to master, aiming at what it cannot yet reach,
desiring to be of an angelical purity, and of a perfect innocence, and a
seraphical fervour, and fears every image of offence; is as much afflicted at
an idle word as some at an act of adultery, and will not allow to itself so
much anger as will disturb a child, nor endure the impurity of a dream.[207] And this is the curiosity and niceness of
divine love: this is the fear of God, and is the daughter and production of Love.
But because this passion is pure as the
brightest and smoothest mirror, and, therefore, is apt to be sullied with every
impurer breath, we must be careful that our love to God be governed by these
measures:
1. That our love to God be sweet, even, and full
of tranquillity, having in it no violences or transportations, but going on in
a course of holy actions and duties, which are proportionable to our condition
and present state; not to satisfy all the desire, but all the probabilities and
measures of our strength. A new beginner in religion hath passionate and
violent desires; but they must not be the measure of his actions; but he must
consider his strength, his late sickness and state of death, the proper
temptations of his condition, and stand at first upon defence; not go to storm
a strong fort, or attack a potent enemy, or do heroical actions, and fitter for
giants in religion. Indiscreet violences and untimely forwardness are the rocks
of religion against which tender spirits often suffer shipwreck.
2. Let our love be prudent and without illusion,
that is, that it express itself in such instances which God hath chosen or
which we choose ourselves by proportion to his rules and measures. Love turns
into doating when religion turns into superstition. No degree of love can be
imprudent, but the expressions may: we cannot love God too much, but we may
proclaim it in indecent manners.
3. Let our love be firm, constant, and
inseparable; not coming and returning like the tide, but descending like a
never-failing river, ever running into the ocean of divine excellency, passing
on in the channels of duty and a constant obedience, and never ceasing to be
what it is till it be turned into sea and vastness, even the immensity of a
blessed eternity.
Although the consideration of the divine
excellencies and mercies be infinitely sufficient to produce in us love to God
(who is invisible, and yet not distant from us, but we feel him in his
blessings, he dwells in our hearts by faith, we feed on him in the sacrament,
and are made all one with him in the incarnation and glorifications of Jesus:
yet, that we may the better enkindle and increase our love to God, the
following advices are not useless:
1. Cut off all earthly and sensual
loves, for they pollute and unhallow the pure and spiritual love. Every degree
of inordinate affection to the things of this world, and every act of love to a
sin, is a perfect enemy to the love of God; and it is a great shame to take any
part of our affection from the eternal God, to bestow it upon his creature in
defiance of the Creator, or to give it to the devil, our open enemy, in
disparagement of him, who is the fountain of all excellences and celestial
amities.
2. Lay fetters and restraints upon the
imaginative and fantastic part; because our fancy, being an imperfect and
higher faculty, is usually pleased with the entertainment of shadows and gauds;
and because the things of the world fill it with such beauties and fantastic
imagery, the fancy, presents such objects as are amiable to the affections and
elective powers. Persons of fancy such as are women and children, have always
the most violent loves; but, therefore, if we be careful with what
representments we fill our fancy, we may the sooner rectify our love. To this
purpose it is good that we transplant the instruments of fancy into religion,
and for this reason music was brought into churches, and ornaments, and
perfumes, and comely garments, and solemnities, and decent ceremonies, that the
busy and less discerning fancy, being bribed with its proper objects, may be
instrumental to a more celestial and spiritual love.
3. Remove solicitude or worldly cares, and
multitudes of secular businesses, for if these take up the intention and actual
application of our thoughts and our employments, they will also possess our
passions, which, if they be filled with one object, though ignoble, cannot
attend another, though more excellent. We always contract a friendship and
relation with those with whom we converse; our very country is dear to us for
our being in it; and the neighbours of the same village, and those that buy and
sell with us, have seized upon some portions of our love; and, therefore, if we
dwell in the affairs of the world we shall also grow in love with them; and all
our love or all our hatred, all our hopes or all our fears, which the eternal
God would willingly secure to himself, and esteem amongst his treasures and
precious things, shall be spent upon trifles and vanities.
4. Do not only choose the things of God, but
secure your inclinations and aptnesses for God and for religion; for it will be
a hard thing for a man to do such a personal violence to his first desires as
to choose whatsoever he hath no mind to. A man will many times satisfy the
importunity and daily solicitations of his first longings; and, therefore,
there is nothing can secure our loves to God but stopping the natural
fountains, and making religion to grow near the first desires of the soul.
5. Converse with God by frequent prayer. In
particular, desire that your desires may be right and love to have your
affections regular and holy. To which purpose make very frequent addresses to
God by ejaculations and communions, and an assiduous daily devotion; discover
to him all your wants, complain to him of all your affronts; do as Hezekiah
did, lay your misfortunes and your ill news before him, spread them before the
Lord, call to him for health, run to him for counsel, beg of him for pardon;
and it is as natural to love him to whom we make such addresses, and on whom we
have such dependencies, as it is for children to love their parents.
6. Consider the immensity and vastness of the
divine love to us, expressed in all the emanations of his providence; 1. In his
creation; 2. In his conservation of us. For it is not my prince, or my patron,
or my friend, that supports me, or relieves my needs; but God who made the corn
that my friend sends me; who created the grapes, and supported him, who hath as
many dependencies, and as many natural necessities, and as perfect
disabilities, as myself. God, indeed, made him the instrument of his providence
to me, as he hath made his own land or his own cattle to him, with this only
difference, that God, by his ministration to me, intends to do him a favour and
a reward which to natural instruments he does not; 3. In giving his Son; 4. In
forgiving our sins; 5. In adopting us to glory; and ten thousand times ten
thousand little addicents and instances happening in the doing every of these -
and it is not possible but for so great love we should give love again; for
God, we should give man; for felicity, we should part with our misery. Nay, so
great is the love of the holy Jesus, God incarnate, that he would leave all his
triumphant glories, and die once more for man, if it were necessary for
procuring felicity to him.[208]
In the use of these instruments, love will grow
in several knots and steps, like the sugar-canes of India, according to a
thousand varieties in the persons loving; and it will be great or less in
several persons, and in the same, according to his growth in Christianity. But
in general discoursing there are but two states of love; and those are labour
of love, and the zeal of love: the first is duty; the second if perfection.
The least love that is must be obedient,
pure, simple, and communicative; that is, it must exclude all affection to sin,
and all inordinate affection to the world, and must be expressive, according to
our power, in the instances of duty, and must be love for love's sake; and for
this love, martyrdom is the highest instance - that is, a readiness of mind
rather to suffer any evil than to do any. Of this our blessed Saviour affirmed
that no man had greater love than this; that is, this is the highest point of
duty, the greatest love, that God requires of man. And yet he that is the most
imperfect must have this love also in preparation of mind, and must differ from
another in nothing, except in the degrees of promptness and alacrity. And in
this sense, he that loves God truly, (though but with a beginning and tender
love,) yet he loves God with all his heart, that is, with that degree of love
which is the highest point of our duty and of God's charge upon us; and he that
loves God with all his heart may yet increase with the increase of God; just as
there are degrees of love to God among the saints, and yet each of them love
him with all their powers and capacities.
2. But the greater state of love is the zeal of
love, which runs out into excrescences and suckers, like a fruitful and
pleasant tree; or bursting into gums, and producing fruits, not of a monstrous
but of an extraordinary and heroical, greatness. Concerning which these
cautions are to be observed:
1. If zeal be in the beginnings of our
spiritual birth, or be short, sudden, and transient, or be a consequent of a
man's natural temper, or come upon any cause but after a long growth of a
temperate and well-regulated love - it is to be suspected for passion and
forwardness, rather than the vertical point of love.[209]
2.That zeal only is good which in a fervent love,
hath temperate expressions. For let the affection boil as high as it can, yet
if it boil over into irregular and strange actions, it will have but few, but
will need many excuses. Elijah was zealous for the Lord of Hosts, and yet he
was so transported with it, that he could not receive answer from God till by
music he was recomposed and tamed; and Moses broke both the tables of the law
by being passionately zealous against them that broke the first.
3. Zeal must spend its greatest heat principally
in those things that concern ourselves; but with great care and restraint in
those that concern others.
4. Remember that zeal, being an excrescence of
divine love, must in no sense contradict any action of love. Love to God
includes love[210] to our neighbour; and
therefore no pretence of zeal for God's glory must make us uncharitable to our
brother; for that is just so pleasing to God as hatred is an act of love.
5. That zeal that concerns others can spend
itself in nothing but arts and actions and charitable instruments, for their
good; and when it concerns the good of many that one should suffer, it must be
done by persons of a competent authority, and in great necessity, in seldom
instances, according to the law of God or man; but never by private right, or
for trifling accidents, or in mistaken propositions. The Zealots, in the old
law, had authority to transfix and stab some certain persons, but God gave them
warrant; it was in the case of idolatry, or such notorious huge crimes, the
danger of which was insupportable, and the cognizance of which was infallible;
and yet that warrant expired with the synagogue.
6. Zeal may be let loose in the instances of
internal, personal, and spiritual actions, that are matters of direct duty, as
in prayers, and acts of adoration, and thanksgiving, and frequent addresses,
provided that no indirect act pass upon them to defile them, such as
complacency and opinions of sanctity, censuring others, scruples and opinions
of necessity, unnecessary fears, superstitious numberings of times and hours;
but let the zeal be as forward as it will, as devout as it will, as seraphical
as it will, in the direct address and intercourse with God there is no danger,
no transgression. Do all the parts of your duty as earnestly as if the
salvation of all the world, and the whole glory of God, and the confusion of
all devils, all that you hope or desire, did depend upon every one action.[211]
8. Let zeal be seated in the will and choice, and
regulated with prudence and a sober understanding, not in the fancies and
affections;[212] for those that will
make it deep and smooth, material and devout.
The sum is this; that zeal is not a direct duty,
nowhere commanded for itself, and is nothing but a forwardness and circumstance
of another duty, and therefore is then only acceptable when it advances the
love of God and our neighbours, whose circumstance it is.[213] That zeal is only safe, only acceptable, which
increases charity directly; and because love to our neighbour and obedience to
God are the two great portions of charity, we must never account our zeal to be
good but as it advances both these, if it be in a matter that relates to both;
or severally if it relates severally. St. Paul's zeal was expressed in
preaching without any offerings or stipend, in travelling, in spending and
being spent for his flock, in suffering, in being willing to be accursed for
love of the people of God and his countrymen. Let our zeal be as great as his
was, so it be in affections to others, but not al all in angers against them:
in the first there is no danger - in the second there is no safety. In brief,
let your zeal (if it must be expressed in anger) be always more severe against
thyself than against others.[214]
*The other part of love to God is love to our
neighbour, for which I have reserved the paragraph of alms.
Religion teaches us to present to God our
bodies as well as our souls, for God is the Lord of both; and if the body
serves the soul in actions natural and civil and intellectual, it must not be
eased in the only offices of religion, unless the body shall expect no portion
of the rewards of religion, such as are resurrection, reunion, and
glorification. Our bodies are to God a living sacrifice; and to present them to
God is holy and acceptable.[215]
The actions of the body, as it serves to
religion, and as it is distinguished from sobriety and justice, either relate
to the word of God, or to prayer, or to repentance, and make these kinds of
external actions of religion: 1. Reading and hearing the word of God; 2.
Fasting and corporal austerities, called by St. Paul bodily exercise; 3.
Feasting, or keeping days of public joy and thanksgiving.
[204] St. Aug. I. ii Cenfes. c.6.
[205] 1 Cor. xiii.
[206] amoris ut morsum qui vere senserit.
[207] Plutarchus citans carmen de suo
Apolline, adjicit ex Herodoto quasi de suo, De eo os meum continens esto.
[208] Sic Jesus dixit. S. Carpo apud
Dionysium epist. ad Demophilum.
[209] Kalon xe zmlonsfai
en ty kalyt pantote. -Gal. iv. 18.
[210] Phil. iii.6.
[211] Lavora, come se tu avessi a compar
ogni hora; Adora, me se tu avessi a morir allora.
[212] Rom. x.2.
[213] Tit. ii.14; Rev. iii. 16.
[214] 2 Cor. vii.11.
[215] 2 Cor. vii.11.