HISTORY

 

 

of the

 

 

CHRISTIAN CHURCH*

 

 

by

 

PHILIP SCHAFF

 

 

Christianus sum.                    Christiani nihil a me alienum puto

 

 

VOLUME IV.

 

MEDIAEVAL CHRISTIAINITY

 

From Gregory I to Gregory VII

 

A.D. 590–1073

 

————

 

 

contents

 

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MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY

 

From a. d. 590 –1517.

 

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CHAPTER I.

 

General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History

 

§ 1. Sources and Literature.

§ 2. The Middle Age. Limits and General Character.

§ 3. The Nations of Mediaeval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav.

§ 4. Genius of Mediaeval Christianity.

§ 5. Periods of the Middle Age.

 

FOURTH PERIOD:

 

THE CHURCH AMONG THE BARBARIANS

 

From Gregory I. To Gregory VII.

 

 A. D. 590 – 1049 (1073).

 

 

 

CHAPTER II.

 

The Conversion of the Northern and Western Barbarians.

 

§ 6. Character of Mediaeval Missions.

 

 I. The Conversion of England, Ireland, and Scotland.

 

§ 7. Literature.

§ 8. The Britons.

§ 9. The Anglo-Saxons.

§ 10. The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a. d. 595–604.

§ 11. Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy.

§ 12. Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy.

§ 13. Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede.

§ 14. The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget.

§ 15. The Irish Church after St. Patrick.

§ 16. Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule.

§ 17. The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern.

§ 18. St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona.

§ 19. The Culdees.

§ 20. Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David I.

 

II. The Conversion of France, Germany, and Adjacent Countries.

 

§ 21. Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes.

§ 22. Conversion of Clovis and the Franks.

§ 23. Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent.

§ 24. German Missionaries before Boniface.

§ 25. Boniface, the Apostle of Germany.

§ 26. The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda.

§ 27. The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand, and the Gospel-Harmony.

 

 III. The Conversion of Scandanavis.

 

§ 28. Scandinavian Heathenism.

§ 29. The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar.

§ 30. The Christianization of Sweden.

§ 31. The Christianization of Norway and Iceland.

 

 IV. The Christianization of the Slavs.

 

§ 32. General Survey.

§ 33. Christian Missions among the Wends.

§ 34. Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland.

§ 35. The Conversion of the Bulgarians.

§ 36. The Conversion of the Magyars.

§ 37. The Christianization of Russia.

 

 CHAPTER III.

 

Mohammedanism in its Relation to Christianity.

 

§ 38. Literature.

§ 39. Statistics and Chronological Table.

§ 40. Position of Mohammedanism in Church History.

§ 41. The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm.

§ 42. Life and Character of Mohammed.

§ 43. The Conquests of Islâm.

§ 44. The Koran, and the Bible.

§ 45. The Mohammedan Religion.

§ 46. Mohammedan Worship.

§ 47. Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism.

 

 CHAPTER IV.

 

The Papal Hierarchy and the Holy Roman Empire.

 

§ 48. General Literature on the Papacy.

§ 49. Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from Gregory I. to Leo XIII.

§ 50. Gregory the Great. a. d. 590–604.

§ 51. Gregory and the Universal Episcopate.

§ 52. The Writings of Gregory.

§ 53. The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II. a. d. 604–715.

§ 54. From Gregory II to Zacharias. a. d. 715–741.

§ 55. Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. a. d. 741–755.

§ 56. Charles the Great. a. d. 768–814.

§ 57. Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a. d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo III

§ 58. Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire.

§ 59. The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I a. d. 814–858). Note on the Myth of the Papess Joan.

§ 60. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals.

§ 61. Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867.

§ 62. Hadrian II. and John VIII a. d. 867 to 882.

§ 63. The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century.

§ 64. The Interference of Otho the Great.

§ 65. The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a. d. 973–1046.

§ 66. Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a. d. 1046.

 

 CHAPTER V.

 

The Conflict of the Eastern and Western Churches and Their Separation.

§ 67. Sources and Literature.

§ 68. The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches.

§ 69. The Causes of Separation.

§ 70. The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas.

§ 71. Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius.

§ 72. Fruitless Attempts at Reunion.

 

 CHAPTER VI.

 

Morals and Religion.

 

§ 73. Literature.

§ 74. General Character of Mediaeval Morals.

§ 75. Clerical Morals.

§ 76. Domestic Life.

§ 77. Slavery.

§ 78. Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God.

§ 79. The Ordeal.

§ 80. The Torture.

§ 81. Christian Charity.

 

 CHAPTER VII.

 

Monasticism.

 

§ 82. Use of Convents in the Middle Ages.

§ 83. St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald.

§ 84. The Convent of Cluny.

 

 CHAPTER VIII.

 

Church Discipline.

 

§ 85. The Penitential Books.

§ 86. Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict.

§ 87. Penance and Indulgence.

 

 CHAPTER IX.

 

Church and State.

 

§ 88. Legislation.

§ 89. The Roman Law.

§ 90. The Capitularies of Charlemagne.

§ 91. English Legislation.

 

 CHAPTER X.

 

Worship and Ceremonies.

 

§ 92. The Mass.

§ 93. The Sermon.

§ 94. Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists.

§ 95. Latin Hymnody. Literature.

§ 96. Latin Hymns and Hymnists.

§ 97. The Seven Sacraments.

§ 98. The Organ and the Bell.

§ 99. The Worship of Saints.

§ 100. The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories.

§ 101. The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754.

§ 102. The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787.

§ 103. Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a. d. 842.

§ 104. The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship.

§ 105. Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin.

 

 CHAPTER XI.

 

Doctrinal Controversies.

 

§ 106. General Survey.

§ 107. The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit.

§ 108. The Arguments for and against the Filioque.

§ 109. The Monotheletic Controversy.

§ 110. The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ.

§ 111. History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism.

§ 112. The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a. d. 680.

§ 113. The Heresy of Honorius.

§ 114. Concilium Quinisextum. a. d. 692.

§ 115. Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites.

§ 116. The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature.

§ 117. History of Adoptionism.

§ 118. Doctrine of Adoptionism.

§ 119. The Predestinarian Controversy.

§ 120. Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus.

§ 121. Gottschalk and Hincmar.

§ 122. The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of Semi-Augustinianism.

§ 123. The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena.

§ 124. The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature.

§ 125. The Two Theories of the Lord’s Supper.

§ 126. The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus.

§ 127. The Theory of Ratramnus.

§ 128. The Berengar Controversy.

§ 129. Berengar’s Theory of the Lord’s Supper.

§ 130. Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation.

 

 CHAPTER XII.

 

Heretical Sects.

 

§ 131. The Paulicians.

§ 132. The Euchites and other Sects in the East.

§ 133. The New Manichaeans in the West.

 

 CHAPTER XIII.

 

The State of Learning.

 

§ 134. Literature.

§ 135. Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages.

§ 136. Learning in the Eastern Church.

§ 137. Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings.

§ 138. Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church.

§ 139. Educational Efforts of the Church.

§ 140. Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald.

§ 141. Alfred the Great, and Education in England.

 

 CHAPTER XIV.

 

Biographical Sketches of Ecclesiastical Writers.

 

§ 142. Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century.

§ 143. St. Maximus Confessor.

§ 144. John of Damascus.

§ 145. Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople.

§ 146. Simeon Metaphrastes.

§ 147. Oecumenius.

§ 148. Theophylact.

§ 149. Michael Psellus.

§ 150. Euthymius Zigabenus.

§ 151. Eustathius of Thessalonica.

§ 152. Nicetas Acominatos.

§ 153. Cassiodorus.

§ 154. St. Gregory of Tours.

§ 155. St. Isidore of Seville.

§ 156. The Venerable Bede (Baeda).

§ 157. Paul the Deacon.

§ 158. St. Paulinus of Aquileia.

§ 159. Alcuin.

§ 160. St. Liudger.

§ 161. Theodulph of Orleans.

§ 162. St. Eigil.

§ 163. Amalarius.

§ 164. Einhard.

§ 165. Smaragdus.

§ 166. Jonas of Orleans.

§ 167. Rabanus Maurus.

§ 168. Haymo.

§ 169. Walahfrid Strabo.

§ 170. Florus Magister, of Lyons.

§ 171. Servatus Lupus.

§ 172. Druthmar.

§ 173. St. Paschasius Radbertus.

§ 174. Patramnus.

§ 175. Hincmar of Rheims.

§ 176. Johannes Scotus Erigena.

§ 177. Anastasius.

§ 178. Ratherius of Verona.

§ 179. Gerbert (Sylvester II.).

§ 180. Fulbert of Chartres.

§ 181. Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen.

§ 182. St. Peter Damiani.

 

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