Page 200 Note 1 The view defended in this Appendix will be found indicated in Hofmann's Schriftbeweis, iii. pp. 461-477; and Dr. P. Fairbairn's Typology of Scripture, 3rd ed. i. pp. 343--359.
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Page 200 Note 2 Cf. Max Müller, Anthropological Religion, on "Belief on Immortality in the Old Testament," pp. 367, 377.
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Page 200 Note 3 Cf. Renouf, Hibbert Lectures, pp. 195, 196; Budge, Dwellers on the Nile ("By-Paths of Bible Knowledge" Series), chap. ix.; Vigoroux's La Bible et les Decouvertes modernes, iii. pp. 133-141.
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Page 200 Note 4 Cf. the Descent of Ishtar, in Sayce's Hibbert Lectures, Lecture IV.; Budge's Babylonian Life and History ("By-Paths of Bible Knowledge" Series), pp. 140--142; Vigoroux, La Bible et les Decouvertes modernes, ill. pp. 123-132.
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Page 201 Note 1 Thus F. Delitzsch, and Boscawen in British Museum Lecture on Sheol, Death, the Grave, and Immortality. But the identification is held by others to be conjectural (Schrader, Keilinschriften, il. p. 80 [Eng. trans.]; Budge, Babylonian Life and History, p. 140, etc.; Vigouroux, iii. p. 125). The Assyrian gives the name as Aralu.
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Page 201 Note 2 Thus also in the Babylonian and Greek conceptions. Cf. Sayce, Hibbert Lectures, p. 364; Fairbairn, Studies, "The Belief in Immortality," pp. 190, 191.
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Page 201 Note 3 See passages discussed below.
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Page 201 Note 4 Gen. xxv. 8, 9, xxxv. 29, xlix. 29, 31, 33.
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Page 202 Note 1 Job x. 21, 22. Cf. description in Descent of Ishtar, Hibbert Lectures.
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Page 202 Note 2 Ps. vi. 4, 5.
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Page 202 Note 3 Isa. xxxviii. 18, 19.
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Page 202 Note 4 Gen. v. 24.
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Page 203 Note 1 So, later, Elijah.
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Page 203 Note 2 Origin of Psalter, Lecture VIII.; and papers in The Expository Times (July and August 1891) on "Possible Zoroastrian Influences on the Religion of Israel."
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Page 203 Note 3 Thus also Hofmann:"Nothing can be more erroneous than the opinion that the resurrection from the dead is a late idea, first entering through human reflection, the earliest traces of which, if not first given by the Parsees to the Jews, are to be met with in Isaiah and Ezekiel."--Schriftbeweis, ii. p. 461. Cf. on this theory of Parsic influence, Pusey's Daniel, pp. 512-517.
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Page 203 Note 4 "There is a chapter with a vignette representing the soul uniting itself to the body, and the text promises that they shall never again be separated."--Renouf, Hibbert Lectures, p. 188. "They believed," says Budge, "that the soul would revisit the body after a number of years, and therefore it was absolutely necessary that the body should he preserved, if its owner wished to live for ever with the gods."--Dwellers on the Nile, p. 156.
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Page 203 Note 5 Cf. Boscawen, British Museum Lecture, pp. 23, 24; Sayce, pp. 98--100; Cheyne, Origin of Psalter, p. 392. There is no evidence, however, of a general hope of resurrection.
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Page 204 Note 1 Cf. Pusey, pp. 512-517; and Cheyne's own citations from recent scholars, Origin of Psalter, pp. 425, 451. M. Montet formerly held that the germs of the doctrine came from Zoroastrianism, but "in 1890, in deference, it would seem, to M. Harlez, and in opposition not less to Spiegel than to Gelder, be pronounces the antiquity of the resurrection doctrine in Zoroastrianism as yet unproven."--Cheyne, p. 451. Cf. Schultz, Alttest. Theol. p. 762.
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Page 204 Note 2 Anyone can satisfy himself on this head by consulting the passages for himself in the Zend-Avesta, in Sacred Books of the East. The indices to the three volumes give only one reference to the subject, and that to one of a few undated "Miscellaneous Fragments" at the end. Professor Cheyne himself can say no more than that "Mills even thinks that there is a trace of the doctrine of the Resurrection in the Gathas. . . . He (Zoroaster) may have had a vague conception of the revival of bodies, but not a theory."--Origin of Psalter, p. 438.
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Page 204 Note 3 Heb. xi. 13.
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Page 204 Note 4 Gen. i. 5, 25; Ex. xlii. 19; Heb. xi. 22.
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Page 205 Note 1 Heb. xi. 17--19; cf. Hofmann, pp. 461, 462.
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Page 205 Note 2 Gen. xvii. 8.
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Page 205 Note 3 Quoted in Fairbairn i. p. 353.
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Page 205 Note 4 Matt. xxii. 23.
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Page 206 Note 1 Job xiv. 13-15 (R.V.). The margin translates as in A.V., "Thou shalt call," etc. As remarked, the form in which the question is put in this passage is as significant as the answer to it. It implies that revived existence in the body is the only form in which the patriarch contemplated immortality. Life and even sensation in Sheol are presupposed in ver. 22.
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Page 206 Note 2 Com. on ,Job, in loc. (Cambridge Series). I can scarcely agree that Job's solution is broader than that of the Psalmist's. See below.
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Page 206 Note 3 Job xix. 25--27.
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Page 207 Note 1 Cf. Pusey, p. 508, and Vigoroux, iii. pp. 172--180.
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Page 207 Note 2 Commentary on Job, Appendix on chap. xix. 23--27, p. 292.
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Page 207 Note 3 Dr. Davidson's remark, "On Old Testament ground, and in the situation of Job, such a matter-of-course kind of reference is almost inconceivable" (p. 292), involves the very point at issue.
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Page 208 Note 1 See Acts ii. 24-31. Cf. Delitzsch, in loc.; and Cheyne, Origin of the Psalter, p. 431.
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Page 208 Note 2 Com., in loc. Thus also Pusey, Perowne, Cheyne, Hofmann, etc. "The awakening," says Cheyne, "probably means the passing of the soul into a resurrection body."--Origin of Psalter, p. 406.
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Page 208 Note 3 Perowne, in loc. Thus also Pusey, Delitzsch, Cheyne, etc. "The 'dawn,"' says Cheyne, "is that of the resurrection day."--Expository Times, B. p. 249; cf. Origin of Psalter, pp. 382, 406, 407. Delitzsch, in note on Ps. xvi. 8--11, says: "Nor is the awakening in xlix. 15 some morning or other that will very soon follow upon the night, hut the final morning, which brings deliverance to the upright, and enables them to obtain dominion."
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Page 209 Note 1 Or if not resurrection, then immortality in the body without tasting of death, as Enoch. But this is a hope the Old Testament believer could hardly have cherished for himself. The view of deliverance from death seems therefore the more probable in Pa. xlix. 15, etc. A very different view is taken by Schultz in his Alttestamentliche Theologie, pp. 753-758. Schultz not only sees no proof of the resurrection in the passages we have quoted, but will not even allow that they have any reference to a future life. So extreme a view surely refutes itself. It is at least certain that if these passages teach a future life, it is a life in connection with the body.
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Page 209 Note 2 Hos. vi. 2, xiii. 14. Cf. Cheyne, p. 383.
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Page 209 Note 3 On the passages in Isaiah, Cheyne remarks: "Instead of swallowing up, Sheol in the Messianic period shall itself be swallowed up. And this prospect concerns not merely the church-nation, but all of its believing members, and indeed all, whether Jews or not, who submit to the true King, Jehovah."--Origin of Psalter, p. 402, Cf. Expository Times, ii. p. 226. In Ezekiel, the subject is national resurrection, but "that the power of God can, against all human thought and hops, reanimate the dead, is the general idea of the passage, from which consequently the hope of a literal resurrection of the dead may naturally be inferred."--Oehler Theology of Old Testament, ii. p. 395 (Eng. trans.). Oehler does more justice to these passages than Schultz.
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Page 210 Note 1 2 Tim. i. 10.
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Page 211 Note 1 Commentary on Job, Appendix, pp. 293-295,
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