[Footnote 4: By the ambassador of the caliph of Bagdad, who
employed an Arabian or Chaldaic word that signifies lord and
master, (D'Herbelot, p. 825.) It is interpreted by the
Byzantine writers of the eleventh century; and the name
(Soldanus) is familiarly employed in the Greek and Latin
languages, after it had passed from the Gaznevides to the
Seljukides, and other emirs of Asia and Egypt. Ducange
(Dissertation xvi. sur Joinville, p. 238 - 240. Gloss.
Graec. et Latin.) labors to find the title of Sultan in the
ancient kingdom of Persia: but his proofs are mere shadows;
a proper name in the Themes of Constantine, (ii. 11,) an
anticipation of Zonaras, &c., and a medal of Kai Khosrou,
not (as he believes) the Sassanide of the vith, but the
Seljukide of Iconium of the xiiith century, (De Guignes,
Hist. des Huns, tom. i. p. 246.)]