[Footnote 40: Yet Leo was undoubtedly comprised in the si
quis .... imaginum sacrarum .... destructor .... extiterit,
sit extorris a cor pore D. N. Jesu Christi vel totius
ecclesiae unitate. The canonists may decide whether the
guilt or the name constitutes the excommunication; and the
decision is of the last importance to their safety, since,
according to the oracle (Gratian, Caus. xxiii. q. 5, 47,
apud Spanheim, Hist. Imag. p. 112) homicidas non esse qui
excommunicatos trucidant.]