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Question: 35 [<< | >>]
We must next consider me effect of this sacrament. Under this head there
are five points of inquiry:
(1) Whether sanctifying grace is conferred in the sacrament of Order?
(2) Whether a character is imprinted in connection with all the Orders?
(3) Whether the character of Order presupposes of necessity the
character of Baptism?
(4) Whether it presupposes of necessity the character of Confirmation?
(5) Whether the character of one Order presupposes of necessity the
character of another Order?
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Question: 35 [<< | >>]
Article: 1 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that sanctifying grace is not conferred in the
sacrament of Order. For it is commonly agreed that the sacrament of Order
is directed to counteract the defect of ignorance. Now not sanctifying
grace but gratuitous grace is given to counteract ignorance, for
sanctifying grace has more to do with the will. Therefore sanctifying
grace is not given in the sacrament of Order.
Objection 2: Further, Order implies distinction. Now the members of the Church
are distinguished, not by sanctifying but by gratuitous grace, of which
it is said (@1 Cor. 12:4): "There are diversities of graces." Therefore
sanctifying grace is not given in order.
Objection 3: Further, no cause presupposes its effect. But grace is
presupposed in one who receives orders, so that he may be worthy to
receive them. Therefore this same grace is not given in the conferring of
Orders.
On the contrary, The sacraments of the New Law cause what they signify.
Now Order by its sevenfold number signifies the seven gifts of the Holy
Ghost, as stated in the text (Sent. iv, D, 24). Therefore the gifts of
the Holy Ghost, which are not apart from sanctifying grace, are given in
Orders.
Further, Order is a sacrament of the New Law. Now the definition of a
sacrament of that kind includes the words, "that it may be a cause of
grace." Therefore it causes grace in the recipient.
I answer that The works of God are perfect (@Dt. 32:4); and consequently
whoever receives power from above receives also those things that render
him competent to exercise that power. This is also the case in natural
things, since animals are provided with members, by which their soul's
powers are enabled to proceed to their respective actions unless there be
some defect on the part of matter. Now just as sanctifying grace is
necessary in order that man receive the sacraments worthily, so is it
that he may dispense them worthily. Wherefore as in Baptism, whereby a
man is adapted to receive the other sacraments, sanctifying grace is
given, so is it in the sacrament of Order whereby man is ordained to the
dispensation of the other sacraments.
Reply to Objection 1: Order is given as a remedy, not to one person but to the
whole Church. Hence, although it is said to be given in order to
counteract ignorance, it does not mean that by receiving Orders a man has
his ignorance driven out of him, but that the recipient of Orders is set
in authority to expel ignorance from among the people.
Reply to Objection 2: Although the gifts of sanctifying grace are common to all
the members of the Church, nevertheless a man cannot be the worthy
recipient of those gifts, in respect of which the members of the Church
are distinguished from one another, unless he have charity, and this
cannot be apart from sanctifying grace.
Reply to Objection 3: The worthy exercise of Orders requires not any kind of
goodness but excellent goodness, in order that as they who receive orders
are set above the people in the degree of Order, so may they be above
them by the merit of holiness. Hence they are required to have the grace
that suffices to make them worthy members of Christ's people, but when
they receive Orders they are given a yet greater gift of grace, whereby
they are rendered apt for greater things.
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Question: 35 [<< | >>]
Article: 2 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that in the sacrament of Order a character is not
imprinted in connection with all the Orders. For the character of Order
is a spiritual power. Now some Orders are directed only to certain bodily
acts, for instance those of the doorkeeper or of the acolyte. Therefore a
character is not imprinted in these Orders.
Objection 2: Further, every character is indelible. Therefore a character
places a man in a state whence he cannot withdraw. Now those who have
certain Orders can lawfully return to the laity. Therefore a character is
not imprinted in all the Orders.
Objection 3: Further, by means of a character a man is appointed to give or to
receive some sacred thing. Now a man is sufficiently adapted to the
reception of the sacraments by the character of Baptism, and a man is not
appointed to dispense the sacraments except in the Order of priesthood.
Therefore a character is not imprinted in the other Orders.
On the contrary, Every sacrament in which a character is not imprinted
can be repeated. But no Order can be repeated. Therefore a character is
imprinted in each Order.
Further, a character is a distinctive sign. Now there is something
distinct in every Order. Therefore every Order imprints a character.
I answer that, There have been three opinions on this point. For some
have said that a character is imprinted only in the Order of priesthood;
but this is not true, since none but a deacon can exercise the act of the
diaconate, and so it is clear that in the dispensation of the sacraments,
he has a spiritual power which others have not. For this reason others
have said that a character is impressed in the sacred, but not in the
minor, Orders. But this again comes to nothing, since each Order sets a
man above the people in some degree of authority directed to the
dispensation of the sacraments. Wherefore since a character is a sign
whereby one thing is distinguished from another, it follows that a
character is imprinted in each Order. And this is confirmed by the fact
that they remain for ever and are never repeated. This is the third and
more common opinion.
Reply to Objection 1: Each Order either has an act connected with the sacrament
itself, or adapts a man to the dispensation of the sacraments; thus
doorkeepers exercise the act of admitting men to witness the Divine
sacraments, and so forth; and consequently a spiritual power is required
in each.
Reply to Objection 2: For all that a man may return to the laity, the character
always remains in him. This is evident from the fact that if he return to
the clerical state, he does not receive again the order which he had
already.
The Reply to the Third Objection is the same as to the First.
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Question: 35 [<< | >>]
Article: 3 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that the character of Order does not presuppose the
character of Baptism. For the character of Order makes a man a dispenser
of the sacraments; while the character of Baptism makes him a recipient
of them. Now active power does not necessarily presuppose passive power,
for it can be without it, as in God. Therefore the character of Order
does not necessarily presuppose the character of Baptism.
Objection 2: Further, it may happen that a man is not baptized, and yet think
with probability that he has been baptized. If therefore such a person
present himself for Orders, he will not receive the character of Order,
supposing the character of Order to presuppose the character of Baptism;
and consequently whatever he does by way of consecration or absolution
will be invalid, and the Church will be deceived therein, which is
inadmissible.
On the contrary, Baptism is the door of the sacraments. Therefore since
Order is a sacrament, it presupposes Baptism.
I answer that, No one can receive what he has not the power to receive.
Now the character of Baptism gives a man the power to receive the other
sacraments. Wherefore he that has not the baptismal character, can
receive no other sacrament; and consequently the character of Order
presupposes the character of Baptism.
Reply to Objection 1: In one who has active power of himself, the active does not
presuppose the passive power; but in one who has active power from
another, passive power, whereby he is enabled to receive the active
power, is prerequisite to active power.
Reply to Objection 2: Such a man if he be ordained to the priesthood is not a
priest, and he can neither consecrate, nor absolve in the tribunal of
Penance. Wherefore according to the canons he must be baptized, and
reordained (Extra De Presbyt. non Bapt., cap. Si quis; cap. Veniens). And
even though he be raised to the episcopate, those whom he ordains receive
not the Order. Yet it may piously be believed that as regards the
ultimate effects of the sacraments, the High Priest will supply the
defect, and that He would not allow this to be so hidden as to endanger
the Church.
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Question: 35 [<< | >>]
Article: 4 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that the character of Order necessarily presupposes
the character of Confirmation. For in things subordinate to one another,
as the middle presupposes the first, so does the last presuppose the
middle. Now the character of Confirmation presupposes that of Baptism as
being the first. Therefore the character of Order presupposes that of
Confirmation as being in the middle.
Objection 2: Further, those who are appointed to confirm should themselves be
most firm. Now those who receive the sacrament of Order are appointed to
confirm others. Therefore they especially should have received the
sacrament of Confirmation.
On the contrary, The apostles received the power of order before the
Ascension (@Jn. 20:22), where it is said: "Receive the Holy Ghost." But
they were confirmed after the Ascension by the coming of the Holy Ghost.
Therefore order does not presuppose Confirmation.
I answer that, For the reception of Orders something is prerequisite for
the validity of the sacrament, and something as congruous to the
sacrament. For the validity of the sacrament it is required that one who
presents himself for Orders should be capable of receiving them, and this
is competent to him through Baptism; wherefore the baptismal character is
prerequisite for the validity of the sacrament, so that the sacrament of
Order cannot be conferred without it. On the other hand, as congruous to
the sacrament a man is required to have every perfection whereby he
becomes adapted to the exercise of Orders, and one of these is that he be
confirmed. Wherefore the character of Order presupposes the character of
Confirmation as congruous but not as necessary.
Reply to Objection 1: In this case the middle does not stand in the same relation
to the last as the first to the middle, because the character of Baptism
enables a man to receive the sacrament of Confirmation, whereas the
character of Confirmation does not enable a man to receive the sacrament
of Order. Hence the comparison fails.
Reply to Objection 2: This argument considers aptness by way of congruity.
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Question: 35 [<< | >>]
Article: 5 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that the character of one Order necessarily
presupposes the character of another Order. For there is more in common
between one Order and another, than between Order and another sacrament.
But the character of Order presupposes the character of another
sacrament, namely Baptism. Much more therefore does the character of one
Order presuppose the character of another.
Objection 2: Further, the Orders are degrees of a kind. Now no one can reach a
further degree, unless he first mount the previous degree. Therefore no
one can receive the character of a subsequent Order unless he has first
received the preceding Order.
On the contrary, If anything necessary for a sacrament be omitted in
that sacrament, the sacrament must be repeated. But if one receive a
subsequent Order, without receiving a preceding Order, he is not
reordained, but he receives what was lacking, according to the canonical
statutes (cap. Tuae literae, De clerico per salt. prom.). Therefore the
preceding Order is not necessary for the following.
I answer that, It is not necessary for the higher Orders that one should
have received the minor Orders, because their respective powers are
distinct, and one, considered in its essentials, does not require another
in the same subject. Hence even in the early Church some were ordained
priests without having previously received the lower Orders and yet they
could do all that the lower Orders could, because the lower power is
comprised in the higher, even as sense in understanding, and dukedom in
kingdom. Afterwards, however, it was decided by the legislation of the
Church that no one should present himself to the higher orders who had
not previously humbled himself in the lower offices. And hence it is that
according to the Canons (cap. Tuae literae, De clerico per salt. prom.)
those who are ordained without receiving a preceding Order are not
reordained, but receive what was lacking to them of the preceding Order.
Reply to Objection 1: Orders have more in common with one another as regards
specific likeness, than order has with Baptism. But as regards proportion
of power to action, Baptism has more in common with Order, than one Order
with another, because Baptism confers on man the passive power to receive
Orders, whereas a lower Order does not give him the passive power to
receive higher Orders.
Reply to Objection 2: Orders are not degrees combining in one action or in one
movement, so that it be necessary to reach the last through the first;
but they are like degrees consisting in things of different kinds, such
as the degrees between man and angel, and it is not necessary that one
who is an angel be first of all a man. Such also are the degrees between
the head and all members of the body; nor is it necessary that that which
is the head should be previously a foot; and thus it is in the case in
point.