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Index [<< | >>]
First Part of the Second Part [<< | >>]
Question: 87 [<< | >>]
We must now consider the debt of punishment. We shall consider (1) the
debt itself; (2) mortal and venial sin, which differ in respect of the
punishment due to them.
Under the first head there are eight points of inquiry:
(1) Whether the debt of punishment is an effect of sin?
(2) Whether one sin can be the punishment of another?
(3) Whether any sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment?
(4) Whether sin incurs a debt of punishment that is infinite in quantity?
(5) Whether every sin incurs a debt of eternal and infinite punishment?
(6) Whether the debt of punishment can remain after sin?
(7) Whether every punishment is inflicted for a sin?
(8) Whether one person can incur punishment for another's sin?
Index [<< | >>]
First Part of the Second Part [<< | >>]
Question: 87 [<< | >>]
Article: 1 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that the debt of punishment is not an effect of
sin. For that which is accidentally related to a thing, does not seem to
be its proper effect. Now the debt of punishment is accidentally related
to sin, for it is beside the intention of the sinner. Therefore the debt
of punishment is not an effect of sin.
Objection 2: Further, evil is not the cause of good. But punishment is good,
since it is just, and is from God. Therefore it is not an effect of sin,
which is evil.
Objection 3: Further, Augustine says (Confess. i) that "every inordinate
affection is its own punishment." But punishment does not incur a further
debt of punishment, because then it would go on indefinitely. Therefore
sin does not incur the debt of punishment.
On the contrary, It is written (@Rm. 2:9): "Tribulation and anguish upon
every soul of man that worketh evil." But to work evil is to sin.
Therefore sin incurs a punishment which is signified by the words
"tribulation and anguish."
I answer that, It has passed from natural things to human affairs that
whenever one thing rises up against another, it suffers some detriment
therefrom. For we observe in natural things that when one contrary
supervenes, the other acts with greater energy, for which reason "hot
water freezes more rapidly," as stated in Meteor. i, 12. Wherefore we
find that the natural inclination of man is to repress those who rise up
against him. Now it is evident that all things contained in an order,
are, in a manner, one, in relation to the principle of that order.
Consequently, whatever rises up against an order, is put down by that
order or by the principle thereof. And because sin is an inordinate act,
it is evident that whoever sins, commits an offense against an order:
wherefore he is put down, in consequence, by that same order, which
repression is punishment.
Accordingly, man can be punished with a threefold punishment
corresponding to the three orders to which the human will is subject. In
the first place a man's nature is subjected to the order of his own
reason; secondly, it is subjected to the order of another man who governs
him either in spiritual or in temporal matters, as a member either of the
state or of the household; thirdly, it is subjected to the universal
order of the Divine government. Now each of these orders is disturbed by
sin, for the sinner acts against his reason, and against human and Divine
law. Wherefore he incurs a threefold punishment; one, inflicted by
himself, viz. remorse of conscience; another, inflicted by man; and a
third, inflicted by God.
Reply to Objection 1: Punishment follows sin, inasmuch as this is an evil by
reason of its being inordinate. Wherefore just as evil is accidental to
the sinner's act, being beside his intention, so also is the debt of
punishment.
Reply to Objection 2: Further, a just punishment may be inflicted either by God
or by man: wherefore the punishment itself is the effect of sin, not
directly but dispositively. Sin, however, makes man deserving of
punishment, and that is an evil: for Dionysius says (Div. Nom. iv) that
"punishment is not an evil, but to deserve punishment is." Consequently
the debt of punishment is considered to be directly the effect of sin.
Reply to Objection 3: This punishment of the "inordinate affection" is due to sin
as overturning the order of reason. Nevertheless sin incurs a further
punishment, through disturbing the order of the Divine or human law.
Index [<< | >>]
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Question: 87 [<< | >>]
Article: 2 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that sin cannot be the punishment of sin. For the
purpose of punishment is to bring man back to the good of virtue, as the
Philosopher declares (Ethic. x, 9). Now sin does not bring man back to
the good of virtue, but leads him in the opposite direction. Therefore
sin is not the punishment of sin.
Objection 2: Further, just punishments are from God, as Augustine says (Qq.
lxxxiii, qu. 82). But sin is not from God, and is an injustice. Therefore
sin cannot be the punishment of sin.
Objection 3: Further, the nature of punishment is to be something against the will. But sin is something from the will, as shown above (Question [74], Articles [1],2). Therefore sin cannot be the punishment of sin.
On the contrary, Gregory speaks (Hom. xi in Ezech.) that some sins are
punishments of others.
I answer that, We may speak of sin in two ways: first, in its essence,
as such; secondly, as to that which is accidental thereto. Sin as such
can nowise be the punishment of another. Because sin considered in its
essence is something proceeding from the will, for it is from this that
it derives the character of guilt. Whereas punishment is essentially
something against the will, as stated in the FP, Question [48], Article [5].
Consequently it is evident that sin regarded in its essence can nowise be
the punishment of sin.
On the other hand, sin can be the punishment of sin accidentally in
three ways. First, when one sin is the cause of another, by removing an
impediment thereto. For passions, temptations of the devil, and the like
are causes of sin, but are impeded by the help of Divine grace which is
withdrawn on account of sin. Wherefore since the withdrawal of grace is a
punishment, and is from God, as stated above (Question [79], Article [3]), the result is
that the sin which ensues from this is also a punishment accidentally. It
is in this sense that the Apostle speaks (@Rm. 1:24) when he says:
"Wherefore God gave them up to the desires of their heart," i.e. to their
passions; because, to wit, when men are deprived of the help of Divine
grace, they are overcome by their passions. In this way sin is always
said to be the punishment of a preceding sin. Secondly, by reason of the
substance of the act, which is such as to cause pain, whether it be an
interior act, as is clearly the case with anger or envy, or an exterior
act, as is the case with one who endures considerable trouble and loss in
order to achieve a sinful act, according to Wis. 5:7: "We wearied
ourselves in the way of iniquity." Thirdly, on the part of the effect, so
that one sin is said to be a punishment by reason of its effect. In the
last two ways, a sin is a punishment not only in respect of a preceding
sin, but also with regard to itself.
Reply to Objection 1: Even when God punishes men by permitting them to fall into
sin, this is directed to the good of virtue. Sometimes indeed it is for
the good of those who are punished, when, to wit, men arise from sin,
more humble and more cautious. But it is always for the amendment of
others, who seeing some men fall from sin to sin, are the more fearful of
sinning. With regard to the other two ways, it is evident that the
punishment is intended for the sinner's amendment, since the very fact
that man endures toil and loss in sinning, is of a nature to withdraw man
from sin.
Reply to Objection 2: This objection considers sin essentially as such: and the
same answer applies to the Third Objection.
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Question: 87 [<< | >>]
Article: 3 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that no sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment.
For a just punishment is equal to the fault, since justice is equality:
wherefore it is written (@Is. 27:8): "In measure against measure, when it
shall be cast off, thou shalt judge it." Now sin is temporal. Therefore
it does not incur a debt of eternal punishment.
Objection 2: Further, "punishments are a kind of medicine" (Ethic. ii, 3). But
no medicine should be infinite, because it is directed to an end, and
"what is directed to an end, is not infinite," as the Philosopher states
(Polit. i, 6). Therefore no punishment should be infinite.
Objection 3: Further, no one does a thing always unless he delights in it for
its own sake. But "God hath not pleasure in the destruction of men"
[Vulg.: 'of the living']. Therefore He will not inflict eternal
punishment on man.
Objection 4: Further, nothing accidental is infinite. But punishment is
accidental, for it is not natural to the one who is punished. Therefore
it cannot be of infinite duration.
On the contrary, It is written (@Mt. 25:46): "These shall go into
everlasting punishment"; and (Mk. 3:29): "He that shall blaspheme against
the Holy Ghost, shall never have forgiveness, but shall be guilty of an
everlasting sin."
I answer that, As stated above (Article [1]), sin incurs a debt of punishment
through disturbing an order. But the effect remains so long as the cause
remains. Wherefore so long as the disturbance of the order remains the
debt of punishment must needs remain also. Now disturbance of an order is
sometimes reparable, sometimes irreparable: because a defect which
destroys the principle is irreparable, whereas if the principle be saved,
defects can be repaired by virtue of that principle. For instance, if the
principle of sight be destroyed, sight cannot be restored except by
Divine power; whereas, if the principle of sight be preserved, while
there arise certain impediments to the use of sight, these can be
remedied by nature or by art. Now in every order there is a principle
whereby one takes part in that order. Consequently if a sin destroys the
principle of the order whereby man's will is subject to God, the
disorder will be such as to be considered in itself, irreparable,
although it is possible to repair it by the power of God. Now the
principle of this order is the last end, to which man adheres by charity.
Therefore whatever sins turn man away from God, so as to destroy charity,
considered in themselves, incur a debt of eternal punishment.
Reply to Objection 1: Punishment is proportionate to sin in point of severity,
both in Divine and in human judgments. In no judgment, however, as
Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xxi, 11) is it requisite for punishment to
equal fault in point of duration. For the fact that adultery or murder is
committed in a moment does not call for a momentary punishment: in fact
they are punished sometimes by imprisonment or banishment for
life---sometimes even by death; wherein account is not taken of the time
occupied in killing, but rather of the expediency of removing the
murderer from the fellowship of the living, so that this punishment, in
its own way, represents the eternity of punishment inflicted by God. Now
according to Gregory (Dial. iv, 44) it is just that he who has sinned
against God in his own eternity should be punished in God's eternity. A
man is said to have sinned in his own eternity, not only as regards
continual sinning throughout his whole life, but also because, from the
very fact that he fixes his end in sin, he has the will to sin,
everlastingly. Wherefore Gregory says (Dial. iv, 44) that the "wicked
would wish to live without end, that they might abide in their sins for
ever."
Reply to Objection 2: Even the punishment that is inflicted according to human
laws, is not always intended as a medicine for the one who is punished,
but sometimes only for others: thus when a thief is hanged, this is not
for his own amendment, but for the sake of others, that at least they may
be deterred from crime through fear of the punishment, according to Prov.
19:25: "The wicked man being scourged, the fool shall be wiser."
Accordingly the eternal punishments inflicted by God on the reprobate,
are medicinal punishments for those who refrain from sin through the
thought of those punishments, according to Ps. 59:6: "Thou hast given a
warning to them that fear Thee, that they may flee from before the bow,
that Thy beloved may be delivered."
Reply to Objection 3: God does not delight in punishments for their own sake; but
He does delight in the order of His justice, which requires them.
Reply to Objection 4: Although punishment is related indirectly to nature,
nevertheless it is essentially related to the disturbance of the order,
and to God's justice. Wherefore, so long as the disturbance lasts, the
punishment endures.
Index [<< | >>]
First Part of the Second Part [<< | >>]
Question: 87 [<< | >>]
Article: 4 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that sin incurs a debt of punishment infinite in
quantity. For it is written (@Jer. 10:24): "Correct me, O Lord, but yet
with judgment: and not in Thy fury, lest Thou bring me to nothing." Now
God's anger or fury signifies metaphorically the vengeance of Divine
justice: and to be brought to nothing is an infinite punishment, even as
to make a thing out of nothing denotes infinite power. Therefore
according to God's vengeance, sin is awarded a punishment infinite in
quantity.
Objection 2: Further, quantity of punishment corresponds to quantity of fault,
according to Dt. 25:2: "According to the measure of the sin shall the
measure also of the stripes be." Now a sin which is committed against
God, is infinite: because the gravity of a sin increases according to the
greatness of the person sinned against (thus it is a more grievous sin to
strike the sovereign than a private individual), and God's greatness is
infinite. Therefore an infinite punishment is due for a sin committed
against God.
Objection 3: Further, a thing may be infinite in two ways, in duration, and in
quantity. Now the punishment is infinite in duration. Therefore it is
infinite in quantity also.
On the contrary, If this were the case, the punishments of all mortal
sins would be equal; because one infinite is not greater than another.
I answer that, Punishment is proportionate to sin. Now sin comprises two
things. First, there is the turning away from the immutable good, which
is infinite, wherefore, in this respect, sin is infinite. Secondly, there
is the inordinate turning to mutable good. In this respect sin is finite,
both because the mutable good itself is finite, and because the movement
of turning towards it is finite, since the acts of a creature cannot be
infinite. Accordingly, in so far as sin consists in turning away from
something, its corresponding punishment is the "pain of loss," which also
is infinite, because it is the loss of the infinite good, i.e. God. But
in so far as sin turns inordinately to something, its corresponding
punishment is the "pain of sense," which is also finite.
Reply to Objection 1: It would be inconsistent with Divine justice for the sinner
to be brought to nothing absolutely, because this would be incompatible
with the perpetuity of punishment that Divine justice requires, as stated
above (Article [3]). The expression "to be brought to nothing" is applied to one
who is deprived of spiritual goods, according to 1 Cor. 13:2: "If I . . .
have not charity, I am nothing."
Reply to Objection 2: This argument considers sin as turning away from something,
for it is thus that man sins against God.
Reply to Objection 3: Duration of punishment corresponds to duration of fault,
not indeed as regards the act, but on the part of the stain, for as long
as this remains, the debt of punishment remains. But punishment
corresponds to fault in the point of severity. And a fault which is
irreparable, is such that, of itself, it lasts for ever; wherefore it
incurs an everlasting punishment. But it is not infinite as regards the
thing it turns to; wherefore, in this respect, it does not incur
punishment of infinite quantity.
Index [<< | >>]
First Part of the Second Part [<< | >>]
Question: 87 [<< | >>]
Article: 5 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that every sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment.
Because punishment, as stated above (Article [4]), is proportionate to the
fault. Now eternal punishment differs infinitely from temporal
punishment: whereas no sin, apparently, differs infinitely from another,
since every sin is a human act, which cannot be infinite. Since therefore
some sins incur a debt of everlasting punishment, as stated above (Article [4]),
it seems that no sin incurs a debt of mere temporal punishment.
Objection 2: Further, original sin is the least of all sins, wherefore
Augustine says (Enchiridion xciii) that "the lightest punishment is
incurred by those who are punished for original sin alone." But original
sin incurs everlasting punishment, since children who have died in
original sin through not being baptized, will never see the kingdom of
God, as shown by our Lord's words (@Jn. 3:3): " Unless a man be born
again, he cannot see the kingdom of God." Much more, therefore, will the
punishments of all other sins be everlasting.
Objection 3: Further, a sin does not deserve greater punishment through being
united to another sin; for Divine justice has allotted its punishment to
each sin. Now a venial sin deserves eternal punishment if it be united to
a mortal sin in a lost soul, because in hell there is no remission of
sins. Therefore venial sin by itself deserves eternal punishment.
Therefore temporal punishment is not due for any sin.
On the contrary, Gregory says (Dial. iv, 39), that certain slighter sins
are remitted after this life. Therefore all sins are not punished
eternally.
I answer that, As stated above (Article [3]), a sin incurs a debt of eternal
punishment, in so far as it causes an irreparable disorder in the order
of Divine justice, through being contrary to the very principle of that
order, viz. the last end. Now it is evident that in some sins there is
disorder indeed, but such as not to involve contrariety in respect of the
last end, but only in respect of things referable to the end, in so far
as one is too much or too little intent on them without prejudicing the
order to the last end: as, for instance, when a man is too fond of some
temporal thing, yet would not offend God for its sake, by breaking one of
His commandments. Consequently such sins do not incur everlasting, but
only temporal punishment.
Reply to Objection 1: Sins do not differ infinitely from one another in respect
of their turning towards mutable good, which constitutes the substance of
the sinful act; but they do differ infinitely in respect of their
turning away from something. Because some sins consist in turning away
from the last end, and some in a disorder affecting things referable to
the end: and the last end differs infinitely from the things that are
referred to it.
Reply to Objection 2: Original sin incurs everlasting punishment, not on account
of its gravity, but by reason of the condition of the subject, viz. a
human being deprived of grace, without which there is no remission of sin.
The same answer applies to the Third Objection about venial sin. Because
eternity of punishment does not correspond to the quantity of the sin,
but to its irremissibility, as stated above (Article [3]).
Index [<< | >>]
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Question: 87 [<< | >>]
Article: 6 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that there remains no debt of punishment after sin.
For if the cause be removed the effect is removed. But sin is the cause
of the debt of punishment. Therefore, when the sin is removed, the debt
of punishment ceases also.
Objection 2: Further, sin is removed by man returning to virtue. Now a
virtuous man deserves, not punishment, but reward. Therefore, when sin is
removed, the debt of punishment no longer remains.
Objection 3: Further, "Punishments are a kind of medicine" (Ethic. ii, 3). But
a man is not given medicine after being cured of his disease. Therefore,
when sin is removed the debt of punishment does not remain.
On the contrary, It is written (@2 Kgs. xii, 13,14): "David said to
Nathan: I have sinned against the Lord. And Nathan said to David: The
Lord also hath taken away thy sin; thou shalt not die. Nevertheless
because thou hast given occasion to the enemies of the Lord to blaspheme
. . . the child that is born to thee shall die." Therefore a man is
punished by God even after his sin is forgiven: and so the debt of
punishment remains, when the sin has been removed.
I answer that, Two things may be considered in sin: the guilty act, and
the consequent stain. Now it is evident that in all actual sins, when the
act of sin has ceased, the guilt remains; because the act of sin makes
man deserving of punishment, in so far as he transgresses the order of
Divine justice, to which he cannot return except he pay some sort of
penal compensation, which restores him to the equality of justice; so
that, according to the order of Divine justice, he who has been too
indulgent to his will, by transgressing God's commandments, suffers,
either willingly or unwillingly, something contrary to what he would
wish. This restoration of the equality of justice by penal compensation
is also to be observed in injuries done to one's fellow men. Consequently
it is evident that when the sinful or injurious act has ceased there
still remains the debt of punishment.
But if we speak of the removal of sin as to the stain, it is evident
that the stain of sin cannot be removed from the soul, without the soul
being united to God, since it was through being separated from Him that
it suffered the loss of its brightness, in which the stain consists, as
stated above (Question [86], Article [1]). Now man is united to God by his will.
Wherefore the stain of sin cannot be removed from man, unless his will
accept the order of Divine justice, that is to say, unless either of his
own accord he take upon himself the punishment of his past sin, or bear
patiently the punishment which God inflicts on him; and in both ways
punishment avails for satisfaction. Now when punishment is satisfactory,
it loses somewhat of the nature of punishment: for the nature of
punishment is to be against the will; and although satisfactory
punishment, absolutely speaking, is against the will, nevertheless in
this particular case and for this particular purpose, it is voluntary.
Consequently it is voluntary simply, but involuntary in a certain
respect, as we have explained when speaking of the voluntary and the
involuntary (Question [6], Article [6]). We must, therefore, say that, when the stain of
sin has been removed, there may remain a debt of punishment, not indeed
of punishment simply, but of satisfactory punishment.
Reply to Objection 1: Just as after the act of sin has ceased, the stain remains,
as stated above (Question [86], Article [2]), so the debt of punishment also can remain.
But when the stain has been removed, the debt of punishment does not
remain in the same way, as stated.
Reply to Objection 2: The virtuous man does not deserve punishment simply, but he
may deserve it as satisfactory: because his very virtue demands that he
should do satisfaction for his offenses against God or man.
Reply to Objection 3: When the stain is removed, the wound of sin is healed as
regards the will. But punishment is still requisite in order that the
other powers of the soul be healed, since they were so disordered by the
sin committed, so that, to wit, the disorder may be remedied by the
contrary of that which caused it. Moreover punishment is requisite in
order to restore the equality of justice, and to remove the scandal given
to others, so that those who were scandalized at the sin many be edified
by the punishment, as may be seen in the example of David quoted above.
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Question: 87 [<< | >>]
Article: 7 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that not every punishment is inflicted for a sin.
For it is written (@Jn. 9:3,2) about the man born blind: "Neither hath
this man sinned, nor his parents . . . that he should be born blind." In
like manner we see that many children, those also who have been baptized,
suffer grievous punishments, fevers, for instance, diabolical possession,
and so forth, and yet there is no sin in them after they have been
baptized. Moreover before they are baptized, there is no more sin in
them than in the other children who do not suffer such things. Therefore
not every punishment is inflicted for a sin.
Objection 2: Further, that sinners should thrive and that the innocent should
be punished seem to come under the same head. Now each of these is
frequently observed in human affairs, for it is written about the wicked
(@Ps. 72:5): "They are not in the labor of men: neither shall they be
scourged like other men"; and (@Job 21:7): "[Why then do] the wicked live,
are [they] advanced, and strengthened with riches" (?)[*The words in
brackets show the readings of the Vulgate]; and (Hab. 1:13): "Why lookest
Thou upon the contemptuous [Vulg.: 'them that do unjust things'], and
holdest Thy peace, when the wicked man oppresseth [Vulg.: 'devoureth'],
the man that is more just than himself?" Therefore not every punishment
is inflicted for a sin.
Objection 3: Further, it is written of Christ (@1 Pt. 2:22) that "He did no
sin, nor was guile found in His mouth." And yet it is said (@1 Pt. 2:21)
that "He suffered for us." Therefore punishment is not always inflicted
by God for sin.
On the contrary, It is written (@Job 4:7, seqq.): "Who ever perished
innocent? Or when were the just destroyed? On the contrary, I have seen
those who work iniquity . . . perishing by the blast of God"; and
Augustine writes (Retract. i) that "all punishment is just, and is
inflicted for a sin."
I answer that, As already stated (Article [6]), punishment can be considered in
two ways---simply, and as being satisfactory. A satisfactory punishment
is, in a way, voluntary. And since those who differ as to the debt of
punishment, may be one in will by the union of love, it happens that one
who has not sinned, bears willingly the punishment for another: thus even
in human affairs we see men take the debts of another upon themselves.
If, however, we speak of punishment simply, in respect of its being
something penal, it has always a relation to a sin in the one punished.
Sometimes this is a relation to actual sin, as when a man is punished by
God or man for a sin committed by him. Sometimes it is a relation to
original sin: and this, either principally or consequently---principally,
the punishment of original sin is that human nature is left to itself,
and deprived of original justice: and consequently, all the penalties
which result from this defect in human nature.
Nevertheless we must observe that sometimes a thing seems penal, and yet
is not so simply. Because punishment is a species of evil, as stated in
the FP, Question [48], Article [5]. Now evil is privation of good. And since man's good
is manifold, viz. good of the soul, good of the body, and external goods,
it happens sometimes that man suffers the loss of a lesser good, that he
may profit in a greater good, as when he suffers loss of money for the
sake of bodily health, or loss of both of these, for the sake of his
soul's health and the glory of God. In such cases the loss is an evil to
man, not simply but relatively; wherefore it does not answer to the name
of punishment simply, but of medicinal punishment, because a medical man
prescribes bitter potions to his patients, that he may restore them to
health. And since such like are not punishments properly speaking, they
are not referred to sin as their cause, except in a restricted sense:
because the very fact that human nature needs a treatment of penal
medicines, is due to the corruption of nature which is itself the
punishment of original sin. For there was no need, in the state of
innocence, for penal exercises in order to make progress in virtue; so
that whatever is penal in the exercise of virtue, is reduced to original
sin as its cause.
Reply to Objection 1: Such like defects of those who are born with them, or which
children suffer from, are the effects and the punishments of original
sin, as stated above (Question [85], Article [5]); and they remain even after baptism,
for the cause stated above (Question [85], Article [5], ad 2): and that they are not
equally in all, is due to the diversity of nature, which is left to
itself, as stated above (Question [85], Article [5], ad 1). Nevertheless, they are
directed by Divine providence, to the salvation of men, either of those
who suffer, or of others who are admonished by their means---and also to
the glory of God.
Reply to Objection 2: Temporal and bodily goods are indeed goods of man, but they
are of small account: whereas spiritual goods are man's chief goods.
Consequently it belongs to Divine justice to give spiritual goods to the
virtuous, and to award them as much temporal goods or evils, as suffices
for virtue: for, as Dionysius says (Div. Nom. viii), "Divine justice does
not enfeeble the fortitude of the virtuous man, by material gifts." The
very fact that others receive temporal goods, is detrimental to their
spiritual good; wherefore the psalm quoted concludes (verse 6):
"Therefore pride hath held them fast."
Reply to Objection 3: Christ bore a satisfactory punishment, not for His, but for
our sins.
Index [<< | >>]
First Part of the Second Part [<< | >>]
Question: 87 [<< | >>]
Article: 8 [<< | >>]
Objection 1: It would seem that one may be punished for another's sin. For it
is written (@Ex. 20:5): "I am . . . God . . . jealous, visiting the
iniquity of the fathers upon the children, unto the third and fourth
generation of them that hate Me"; and (@Mt. 23:35): "That upon you may
come all the just blood that hath been shed upon the earth."
Objection 2: Further, human justice springs from Divine justice. Now,
according to human justice, children are sometimes punished for their
parents, as in the case of high treason. Therefore also according to
Divine justice, one is punished for another's sin.
Objection 3: Further, if it be replied that the son is punished, not for the
father's sin, but for his own, inasmuch as he imitates his father's
wickedness; this would not be said of the children rather than of
outsiders, who are punished in like manner as those whose crimes they
imitate. It seems, therefore, that children are punished, not for their
own sins, but for those of their parents.
On the contrary, It is written (Ezech. 18:20): "The son shall not bear
the iniquity of the father."
I answer that, If we speak of that satisfactory punishment, which one
takes upon oneself voluntarily, one may bear another's punishment, in so
far as they are, in some way, one, as stated above (Article [7]). If, however,
we speak of punishment inflicted on account of sin, inasmuch as it is
penal, then each one is punished for his own sin only, because the sinful
act is something personal. But if we speak of a punishment that is
medicinal, in this way it does happen that one is punished for another's
sin. For it has been stated (Article [7]) that ills sustained in bodily goods or
even in the body itself, are medicinal punishments intended for the
health of the soul. Wherefore there is no reason why one should not have
such like punishments inflicted on one for another's sin, either by God
or by man; e.g. on children for their parents, or on servants for their
masters, inasmuch as they are their property so to speak; in such a way,
however, that, if the children or the servants take part in the sin, this
penal ill has the character of punishment in regard to both the one
punished and the one he is punished for. But if they do not take part in
the sin, it has the character of punishment in regard to the one for whom
the punishment is borne, while, in regard to the one who is punished, it
is merely medicinal (except accidentally, if he consent to the other's
sin), since it is intended for the good of his soul, if he bears it
patiently.
With regard to spiritual punishments, these are not merely medicinal,
because the good of the soul is not directed to a yet higher good.
Consequently no one suffers loss in the goods of the soul without some
fault of his own. Wherefore Augustine says (Ep. ad Avit.) [*Ep. ad
Auxilium, ccl.], such like punishments are not inflicted on one for
another's sin, because, as regards the soul, the son is not the father's
property. Hence the Lord assigns the reason for this by saying (Ezech.
18:4): "All souls are Mine."
Reply to Objection 1: Both the passages quoted should, seemingly, be referred to
temporal or bodily punishments, in so far as children are the property of
their parents, and posterity, of their forefathers. Else, if they be
referred to spiritual punishments, they must be understood in reference
to the imitation of sin, wherefore in Exodus these words are added, "Of
them that hate Me," and in the chapter quoted from Matthew (verse 32) we
read: "Fill ye up then the measure of your fathers." The sins of the
fathers are said to be punished in their children, because the latter are
the more prone to sin through being brought up amid their parents'
crimes, both by becoming accustomed to them, and by imitating their
parents' example, conforming to their authority as it were. Moreover they
deserve heavier punishment if, seeing the punishment of their parents,
they fail to mend their ways. The text adds, "to the third and fourth
generation," because men are wont to live long enough to see the third
and fourth generation, so that both the children can witness their
parents' sins so as to imitate them, and the parents can see their
children's punishments so as to grieve for them.
Reply to Objection 2: The punishments which human justice inflicts on one for
another's sin are bodily and temporal. They are also remedies or
medicines against future sins, in order that either they who are
punished, or others may be restrained from similar faults.
Reply to Objection 3: Those who are near of kin are said to be punished, rather
than outsiders, for the sins of others, both because the punishment of
kindred redounds somewhat upon those who sinned, as stated above, in so
far as the child is the father's property, and because the examples and
the punishments that occur in one's own household are more moving.
Consequently when a man is brought up amid the sins of his parents, he is
more eager to imitate them, and if he is not deterred by their
punishments, he would seem to be the more obstinate, and, therefore, to
deserve more severe punishment.